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      El yogur y recomendaciones dietéticas en la intolerancia a la lactosa Translated title: Yogurt and dietary recommendations for lactose intolerance

      research-article
      ,
      Nutrición Hospitalaria
      Grupo Arán
      Lactose, Lactase, Malabsorption, Intolerance, Yogurt, Lactosa, Lactasa, Malabsorción, Intolerancia, Yogur

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          Abstract

          Resumen La malabsorción de la lactosa se produce por la incapacidad para la digestión del azúcar debido a la disminución de la actividad de la lactasa intestinal tras un desorden primario o secundario a otras patologías. La hipolactasia primaria tipo adulto es un trastorno autosómico recesivo, caracterizado por la pérdida progresiva de lactasa tras el destete, mientras que la secundaria es un trastorno transitorio que se corregirá tras la curación de la patología de base. Para el diagnóstico de la malabsorción a la lactosa destacan los test de hidrógeno y metano espirado tras sobrecarga. En el déficit primario tardío de lactasa puede realizarse el test molecular del polimorfismo de nucleótido simple (SNP C/T-13910). El diagnóstico de la intolerancia precisa de la presencia de sintomatología tras el consumo de lactosa. El tratamiento de la hipolactasia primaria tipo adulto consiste en disminuir la lactosa de la dieta por debajo de la dosis gatillo. Un porcentaje importante de individuos con malabsorción toleran cantidades habituales de consumo y prácticamente el 99% toleran yogur o derivados lácteos fermentados, lo que permite así cubrir las recomendaciones diarias de ingesta de calcio y vitamina D. Además, estrategias nutricionales que reduzcan la carga de lactosa, el tiempo de vaciamiento gástrico y/o el tiempo de tránsito intestinal o que incrementen la actividad lactásica y la compensación colónica van a permitir una mayor tolerancia.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Malabsorption to lactose is caused by the inability to digest sugar due to the decrease in the activity of intestinal lactase. Malabsorption may be due to a primary or secondary disorder. Adult type primary hypolactasia is an autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by the progressive loss of lactase after weaning. The secondary hypolactasia is a transitory disorder, which will be corrected after the cure of the basic pathology. For lactose malabsorption diagnosis, the hydrogen and methane exhaled tests after lactose overload stand out and, in the case of the primary adult type, the molecular test of the simple nucleotide polymorphism (SNP C / T-13910). However, the diagnosis of lactose intolerance requires the presence of symptoms after consumption. The treatment of primary adult-type hypolactasia consists in decreasing the lactose in the diet below the trigger dose. A significant percentage of individuals with malabsorption tolerate habitual amounts of consumption. Practically 99% of them tolerate yogurt or fermented dairy products, thus allowing to cover the daily recommendations of calcium and vitamin D intake. In addition, nutritional strategies that reduce the lactose load, gastric emptying time and / or intestinal transit time or increase lactic activity and colonic compensation, will allow a greater tolerance.

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          Most cited references24

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          Methodology and indications of H2-breath testing in gastrointestinal diseases: the Rome Consensus Conference.

          Breath tests represent a valid and non-invasive diagnostic tool in many gastroenterological conditions. The rationale of hydrogen-breath tests is based on the concept that part of the gas produced by colonic bacterial fermentation diffuses into the blood and is excreted by breath, where it can be quantified easily. There are many differences in the methodology, and the tests are increasingly popular. The Rome Consensus Conference was convened to offer recommendations for clinical practice about the indications and methods of H2-breath testing in gastrointestinal diseases. Experts were selected on the basis of a proven knowledge/expertise in H2-breath testing and divided into Working Groups (methodology; sugar malabsorption; small intestine bacterial overgrowth; oro-coecal transit time and other gas-related syndromes). They performed a systematic review of the literature, and then formulated statements on the basis of the scientific evidence, which were debated and voted by a multidisciplinary Jury. Recommendations were then modified on the basis of the decisions of the Jury by the members of the Expert Group. The final statements, graded according to the level of evidence and strength of recommendation, are presented in this document; they identify the indications for the use of H2-breath testing in the clinical practice and methods to be used for performing the tests.
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            The importance of methane breath testing: a review.

            Sugar malabsorption in the bowel can lead to bloating, cramps, diarrhea and other symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome as well as affecting absorption of other nutrients. The hydrogen breath test is now a well established noninvasive test for assessing malabsorption of sugars in the small intestine. However, there are patients who can suffer from the same spectrum of malabsorption issues but who produce little or no hydrogen, instead producing relatively large amounts of methane. These patients will avoid detection with the traditional breath test for malabsorption based on hydrogen detection. Likewise the hydrogen breath test is an established method for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) diagnoses. Therefore, a number of false negatives would be expected for patients who solely produce methane. Usually patients produce either hydrogen or methane, and only rarely there are significant co-producers, as typically the methane is produced at the expense of hydrogen by microbial conversion of carbon dioxide. Various studies show that methanogens occur in about a third of all adult humans; therefore, there is significant potential for malabsorbers to remain undiagnosed if a simple hydrogen breath test is used. As an example, the hydrogen-based lactose malabsorption test is considered to result in about 5-15% false negatives mainly due to methane production. Until recently methane measurements were more in the domain of research laboratories, unlike hydrogen analyses which can now be undertaken at a relatively low cost mainly due to the invention of reliable electrochemical hydrogen sensors. More recently, simpler lower cost instrumentation has become commercially available which can directly measure both hydrogen and methane simultaneously on human breath. This makes more widespread clinical testing a realistic possibility. The production of small amounts of hydrogen and/or methane does not normally produce symptoms, whereas the production of higher levels can lead to a wide range of symptoms ranging from functional disorders of the bowel to low level depression. It is possible that excess methane levels may have more health consequences than excess hydrogen levels. This review describes the health consequences of methane production in humans and animals including a summary of the state of the art in detection methods. In conclusion, the combined measurement of hydrogen and methane should offer considerable improvement in the diagnosis of malabsorption syndromes and SIBO when compared with a single hydrogen breath test.
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              Lactose malabsorption and intolerance: pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment.

              Lactose malabsorption is a common condition caused by reduced expression or activity of lactase in the small intestine. In such patients, lactose intolerance is characterized by abdominal symptoms (e.g. nausea, bloating, and pain) after ingestion of dairy products. The genetic basis of lactose malabsorption is established and several tests for this condition are available, including genetic, endoscopic, and H2-breath tests. In contrast, lactose intolerance is less well understood. Recent studies show that the risk of symptoms after lactose ingestion depends on the dose of lactose, lactase expression, intestinal flora, and sensitivity of the gastrointestinal tract. Lactose intolerance has recently been defined as symptoms developing after ingestion of lactose which do not develop after placebo challenge in a person with lactose maldigestion. Such blinded testing might be especially important in those with functional gastrointestinal diseases in whom self-reported lactose intolerance is common. However, placebo-controlled testing is not part of current clinical practice. Updated protocols and high-quality outcome studies are needed. Treatment options of lactose intolerance include lactose-reduced diet and enzyme replacement. Documenting the response to multiple doses can guide rational dietary management; however, the clinical utility of this strategy has not been tested. This review summarizes the genetic basis, diagnosis, and treatment of lactose malabsorption and intolerance.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                2018
                : 35
                : spe6
                : 45-48
                Affiliations
                [1] Santiago de Compostela A Coruña orgnameHospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela-Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago. USC orgdiv1Departamento de Pediatría orgdiv2Unidad de Gastroenterologia, Hepatología y Nutrición Infantil Spain
                Article
                S0212-16112018001200011 S0212-1611(18)03500600011
                10.20960/nh.2287
                29dffd82-c1fd-446e-ae05-1376d53a50b4

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 29, Pages: 4
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                SciELO Spain

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                Trabajos Originales

                Yogurt,Lactase,Intolerance,Intolerancia,Malabsorption,Lactose,Yogur,Lactasa,Malabsorción,Lactosa

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