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      Assessment of dens invaginatus and its characteristics in maxillary anterior teeth using cone-beam computed tomography

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          Abstract

          This cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of dens invaginatus (DI) and its characteristics in maxillary anterior teeth in a Saudi population. A total of 505 CBCT scans were evaluated, including a total of 2790 maxillary anterior teeth. The patients’ demographic data, including age and sex, were recorded. The presence of DI and the related characteristics including bilateral occurrence; DI type according to Oehlers classification; and presence of periapical radiolucency, open apex, and/or nearby impacted teeth were analyzed. The associations between DI and the other factors were analyzed using the chi-square and fisher exact tests. DI was detected in 7.3% of the patients and 1.6% of the teeth examined. Most of the DI-affected teeth were maxillary lateral incisors (76.1%), followed by mesiodens (19.6%) and maxillary central incisors (4.3%), while no DI was observed in the maxillary canines. Bilateral DI was found in 24.3% of the affected patients. Oehlers type I DI was the most frequent (80%). Periapical radiolucencies, open apices, and nearby impacted teeth were observed in 10.9%, 4.3%, and 30% of the invaginated teeth, respectively. DI was significantly associated with tooth type ( P < 0.0001) but not with sex ( P > 0.05). Although most of the DI cases are limited to the crown, CBCT imaging is essential for DI evaluation and management.

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          Sample size estimation in prevalence studies.

          Estimation of appropriate sample size for prevalence surveys presents many challenges, particularly when the condition is very rare or has a tendency for geographical clustering. Sample size estimate for prevalence studies is a function of expected prevalence and precision for a given level of confidence expressed by the z statistic. Choice of the appropriate values for these variables is sometimes not straight-forward. Certain other situations do not fulfil the assumptions made in the conventional equation and present a special challenge. These situations include, but are not limited to, smaller population size in relation to sample size, sampling technique or missing data. This paper discusses practical issues in sample size estimation for prevalence studies with an objective to help clinicians and healthcare researchers make more informed decisions whether reviewing or conducting such a study.
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            A new periapical index based on cone beam computed tomography.

            The purpose of this study was to evaluate a new periapical index based on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for identification of apical periodontitis (AP). The periapical index proposed in this study (CBCTPAI) was developed on the basis of criteria established from measurements corresponding to periapical radiolucency interpreted on CBCT scans. Radiolucent images suggestive of periapical lesions were measured by using the working tools of Planimp software on CBCT scans in 3 dimensions: buccopalatal, mesiodistal, and diagonal. The CBCTPAI was determined by the largest lesion extension. A 6-point (0-5) scoring system was used with 2 additional variables, expansion of cortical bone and destruction of cortical bone. A total of 1014 images (periapical radiographs and CBCT scans) originally taken from 596 patients were evaluated by 3 observers by using the CBCTPAI criteria. AP was identified in 39.5% and 60.9% of cases by radiography and CBCT, respectively (P < .01). The CBCTPAI offers an accurate diagnostic method for use with high-resolution images, which can reduce the incidence of false-negative diagnosis, minimize observer interference, and increase the reliability of epidemiologic studies, especially those referring to AP prevalence and severity.
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              European Society of Endodontology position statement: Use of cone beam computed tomography in Endodontics: European Society of Endodontology (ESE) developed by:

              This Position Statement represents a consensus of an expert committee convened by the European Society of Endodontology (ESE) on the use of Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) in Endodontics. This paper is an update of the ESE CBCT position statement which was published in 2014 (European Society of Endodontology 2014, https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12267). Recent review articles provide more detailed background information and the basis for this position statement. It is intended that this position statement will be updated at least every 4-5 years to keep abreast of relevant research. The aim of this paper is to provide clinicians with evidence-based guidance on the application of CBCT in Endodontics. Since 2014, there has been an increase in the number of clinical studies confirming the positive impact of CBCT on treatment planning, decision-making when reviewing cases and reduced practitioner stress levels.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                raalmohareb@pnu.edu.sa
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                5 October 2021
                5 October 2021
                2021
                : 11
                : 19727
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.449346.8, ISNI 0000 0004 0501 7602, Division of Endodontics, Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, , Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, ; Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
                [2 ]GRID grid.449346.8, ISNI 0000 0004 0501 7602, Department of Basic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, , Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, ; Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
                [3 ]GRID grid.56302.32, ISNI 0000 0004 1773 5396, Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, , King Saud University, ; Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
                Article
                99258
                10.1038/s41598-021-99258-0
                8492853
                34611255
                29f3d66e-8d7d-4b4b-b68a-39f96380015a
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 29 April 2021
                : 22 September 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: This research was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University through the Fast-track Research Funding Program.
                Categories
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                © The Author(s) 2021

                Uncategorized
                anatomy,medical research
                Uncategorized
                anatomy, medical research

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