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      Microsatellite loci cross-species transferability in Aedes fluviatilis (Diptera:Culicidae): a cost-effective approach for population genetics studies

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          Abstract

          Background

          Aedes fluviatilis is a neotropical mosquito species thought to be a potential vector of Yellow Fever viruses and can be infected with Plasmodium gallinaceum in laboratory. A better understanding of its genetic structure is very important to understand its epidemiologic potential and how it is responding to urbanization. The objective of this study was to survey the transferability of microsatellites loci developed for other Aedes to Ae. fluviatilis.

          Findings

          We tested in Ae. fluviatilis 40 pairs of primers known to flank microsatellite regions in Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus and Aedes caspius, and found eight loci that amplified consistently. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 15, and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.09 to 0.85.

          Conclusions

          We found that several microsatellite primers successfully transferred to Ae. fluviatilis. This finding opens avenues for cost-effective optimization of high-resolution population genetic tools.

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          Most cited references23

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          Arlequin (version 3.0): An integrated software package for population genetics data analysis

          Arlequin ver 3.0 is a software package integrating several basic and advanced methods for population genetics data analysis, like the computation of standard genetic diversity indices, the estimation of allele and haplotype frequencies, tests of departure from linkage equilibrium, departure from selective neutrality and demographic equilibrium, estimation or parameters from past population expansions, and thorough analyses of population subdivision under the AMOVA framework. Arlequin 3 introduces a completely new graphical interface written in C++, a more robust semantic analysis of input files, and two new methods: a Bayesian estimation of gametic phase from multi-locus genotypes, and an estimation of the parameters of an instantaneous spatial expansion from DNA sequence polymorphism. Arlequin can handle several data types like DNA sequences, microsatellite data, or standard multi-locus genotypes. A Windows version of the software is freely available on http://cmpg.unibe.ch/software/arlequin3.
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            Microsatellites in different eukaryotic genomes: survey and analysis.

            We examined the abundance of microsatellites with repeated unit lengths of 1-6 base pairs in several eukaryotic taxonomic groups: primates, rodents, other mammals, nonmammalian vertebrates, arthropods, Caenorhabditis elegans, plants, yeast, and other fungi. Distribution of simple sequence repeats was compared between exons, introns, and intergenic regions. Tri- and hexanucleotide repeats prevail in protein-coding exons of all taxa, whereas the dependence of repeat abundance on the length of the repeated unit shows a very different pattern as well as taxon-specific variation in intergenic regions and introns. Although it is known that coding and noncoding regions differ significantly in their microsatellite distribution, in addition we could demonstrate characteristic differences between intergenic regions and introns. We observed striking relative abundance of (CCG)(n)*(CGG)(n) trinucleotide repeats in intergenic regions of all vertebrates, in contrast to the almost complete lack of this motif from introns. Taxon-specific variation could also be detected in the frequency distributions of simple sequence motifs. Our results suggest that strand-slippage theories alone are insufficient to explain microsatellite distribution in the genome as a whole. Other possible factors contributing to the observed divergence are discussed.
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              Effects of microsatellite null alleles on assignment testing.

              Microsatellite null alleles are found to a varying degree across all taxa. They are problematic as they may inflate measures of genetic differentiation and create false homozygotes. Although there are several methods for correcting allele frequencies for null alleles and enable estimations of F(ST), much less is known about how null alleles affect assignment testing. Data presented here, based on simulations, show that the percentage of correctly assigned individuals in model-based clustering and Bayesian assignment methods were slightly, though significantly, reduced in the presence of null alleles (frequency range from 0.000 to 0.913). The bias in assignment tests caused by null alleles lead to a slight reduction in the power to correctly assigned individuals (0.2 and 1.0 percent units for STRUCTURE- and 2.4 percent units for GENECLASS-based assignment tests). Further, the presence of null alleles caused a small, however, significant overestimation of F(ST). Consequently, microsatellite loci affected by null alleles would probably not alter the overall outcome of assignment testing and could therefore be included in these types of studies. Nevertheless, loci prone to null alleles should be used with caution as they lower the power of assignment tests and alter the accuracy of F(ST), and loci less prone to null alleles should always be preferred.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                lauramultini@usp.br
                mmarelli@usp.br
                +55 11 30617922 , andrebw.br@gmail.com
                Journal
                Parasit Vectors
                Parasit Vectors
                Parasites & Vectors
                BioMed Central (London )
                1756-3305
                15 December 2015
                15 December 2015
                2015
                : 8
                : 635
                Affiliations
                [ ]Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, São Paulo, SP CEP 05403-000 Brazil
                [ ]Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, São Paulo, SP CEP-01246-904 Brazil
                Article
                1256
                10.1186/s13071-015-1256-9
                4678524
                2a03a788-1424-4240-88e3-c5099d68089a
                © Multini et al. 2015

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 23 September 2015
                : 10 December 2015
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001807, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo;
                Award ID: 2013/15313-4
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Short Report
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2015

                Parasitology
                aedes fluviatilis,microsatellite,culicidae,genetic structure
                Parasitology
                aedes fluviatilis, microsatellite, culicidae, genetic structure

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