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      Construction of engineered corpus cavernosum with primary mesenchymal stem cells in vitro

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          Abstract

          Various methods have been used to reconstruct the penis. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of constructing engineered corpus cavernosum with primary mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in a rabbit model in vitro. Acellular corporal matrices (ACMs) were obtained from adult rabbit penile tissues through an established decellularization procedure. MSCs were separated, purified, and then seeded on ACMs to construct engineered corpus cavernosum. The seeded ACMs were subsequently cultured in an incubator for 14 days. Histological analyses showed that MSCs seeded on the ACMs had proliferated and were well distributed. Detection of CD31, vWF, smooth muscle actin (SMA), and myosin protein as well as vWF and myosin mRNA revealed that the MSCs had differentiated into endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. In addition, cell morphology of the engineered corpus cavernosum was directly observed by transmission electron microscopy. This study demonstrated that engineered corpus cavernosum could be successfully constructed using primary MSCs in vitro. This technology represents another step towards developing engineered corpus cavernosum in vitro.

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          An overview of tissue and whole organ decellularization processes.

          Peter M Crapo, Thomas W Gilbert, Stephen F Badylak (2011)
          Biologic scaffold materials composed of extracellular matrix (ECM) are typically derived by processes that involve decellularization of tissues or organs. Preservation of the complex composition and three-dimensional ultrastructure of the ECM is highly desirable but it is recognized that all methods of decellularization result in disruption of the architecture and potential loss of surface structure and composition. Physical methods and chemical and biologic agents are used in combination to lyse cells, followed by rinsing to remove cell remnants. Effective decellularization methodology is dictated by factors such as tissue density and organization, geometric and biologic properties desired for the end product, and the targeted clinical application. Tissue decellularization with preservation of ECM integrity and bioactivity can be optimized by making educated decisions regarding the agents and techniques utilized during processing. An overview of decellularization methods, their effect upon resulting ECM structure and composition, and recently described perfusion techniques for whole organ decellularization techniques are presented herein. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Comparison of rat mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow, synovium, periosteum, adipose tissue, and muscle.

            Hideya Yoshimura, Takeshi Muneta, Akimoto Nimura … (2007)
            Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are increasingly being reported as occurring in a variety of tissues. Although MSCs from human bone marrow are relatively easy to harvest, the isolation of rodent MSCs is more difficult, thereby limiting the number of experiments in vivo. To determine a suitable cell source, we isolated rat MSCs from bone marrow, synovium, periosteum, adipose, and muscle and compared their properties for yield, expansion, and multipotentiality. After two passages, the cells in each population were CD11b (-), CD45 (-), and CD90 (+). The colony number per nucleated cells derived from synovium was 100-fold higher than that for cells derived from bone marrow. With regard to expansion potential, synovium-derived cells were the highest in colony-forming efficiency, fold increase, and growth kinetics. An in vitro chondrogenesis assay demonstrated that the pellets derived from synovium were heavier, because of their greater production of cartilage matrix, than those from other tissues, indicating their superiority in chondrogenesis. Synovium-derived cells retained their chondrogenic potential after a few passages. The Oil Red-O positive colony-rate assay demonstrated higher adipogenic potential in synovium- and adipose-derived cells. Alkaline phosphatase activity was greater in periosteum- and muscle-derived cells during calcification. The yield and proliferation potential of rat MSCs from solid tissues was much better than those from bone marrow. In particular, synovium-derived cells had the greatest potential for both proliferation and chondrogenesis, indicating their usefulness for cartilage study in a rat model.
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              Nitric oxide: a physiologic mediator of penile erection.

              A L BURNETT, C J Lowenstein, D Bredt … (1992)
              Nitric oxide (NO) is a cytotoxic agent of macrophages, a messenger molecule of neurons, and a vasodilator produced by endothelial cells. NO synthase, the synthetic enzyme for NO, was localized to rat penile neurons innervating the corpora cavernosa and to neuronal plexuses in the adventitial layer of penile arteries. Small doses of NO synthase inhibitors abolished electrophysiologically induced penile erections. These results establish NO as a physiologic mediator of erectile function.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Mingzhen Yuan: yuanmingzhen2005@126.com
                Shuangde Liu: liushuangdechina@126.com
                Shengtian Zhao: zhaoshengtian@sdu.edu.cn
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Rep
                Title: Scientific Reports
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2045-2322
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 December 2017
                Publication date PMC-release: 22 December 2017
                Publication date Collection: 2017
                Volume: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: 18053
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.452704.0, Department of Urology, , The Second Hospital, Shandong University, ; Shandong, China
                [2 ]GRID grid.452704.0, Department of Kidney Transplantation, , The Second Hospital, Shandong University, ; Shandong, China
                [3 ]GRID grid.452704.0, Department of Central Research Laboratory, , The Second Hospital, Shandong University, ; Shandong, China
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1761 1174, GRID grid.27255.37, Shandong University, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, ; Shandong, China
                [5 ]Key Laboratory for Kidney Regeneration of Shandong Province, Shandong, China
                Article
                Publisher ID: 18129
                DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18129-9
                PMC ID: 5741727
                PubMed ID: 29273785
                SO-VID: 2a28084e-88b0-4b1a-a42e-8ede7289378d
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2017
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 21 June 2017
                Date accepted : 6 December 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Article
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                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2017

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