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      Novel Methodology for Football Rebound Test Method

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          Abstract

          Assessing and keeping control of the mechanical properties of sport surfaces is a relevant task in sports since it enables athletes to train and compete safely and under equal conditions. Currently, different tests are used for assessing athlete- and ball-surface interactions in artificial turf pitches. In order to make these evaluations more agile and accessible for every facility, it is important to develop new apparatus that enable to perform the tests in an easier and quicker way. The existing equipment for determining the vertical ball behavior requires a complex and non-easily transportable device in which the ball must be fixed to the upper part of the frame in a very precise position by means of a magnet. The rebound height is determined by capturing the acoustic signal produced when the ball bounces on the turf. When extended tests are conducted, the time required to evaluate a single field is too high due to the non-valid trials. This work proposes a novel methodology which allows to notoriously decrease the time of testing fields maintaining the repeatability and accuracy of the test method together with a compact device for improving its mobility and transport. Simulations and experiments demonstrates the repeatability and accuracy of the results obtained by the proposed device, which decreases the non-valid trials and notoriously reduces the time for field evaluation.

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          Elite football on artificial turf versus natural grass: movement patterns, technical standards, and player impressions.

          The aim of the present study was to examine the movement patterns, ball skills, and the impressions of Swedish elite football players during competitive games on artificial turf and natural grass. Time - motion analyses (36 observations) and technical analyses (16 team observations) were performed and 72 male and 21 female players completed a questionnaire. No differences were observed between artificial turf and natural grass in terms of total distance covered (mean 10.19 km, s = 0.19 vs. 10.33 km, s = 0.23), high-intensity running (1.86 km, s = 0.10 vs. 1.87 km, s = 0.14), number of sprints (21, s = 1 vs. 22, s = 2), standing tackles (10, s = 1 vs. 11, s = 1) or headers per game (8, s = 1 vs. 8, s = 1), whereas there were fewer sliding tackles (P < 0.05) on artificial turf than natural grass (2.1, s = 0.5 vs. 4.3, s = 0.6). There were more short passes (218, s = 14 vs. 167, s = 12) and midfield-to-midfield passes (148, s = 11 vs. 107, s = 8) (both P < 0.05) on artificial turf than natural grass. On a scale of 0-10, where 0 = "better than", 5 = "equal to", and 10 = "worse than", the male players reported a negative overall impression (8.3, s = 0.2), poorer ball control (7.3, s = 0.3), and greater physical effort (7.2, s = 0.2) on artificial turf than natural grass. In conclusion, the running activities and technical standard were similar during games on artificial turf and natural grass. However, fewer sliding tackles and more short passes were performed during games on artificial turf. The observed change in playing style could partly explain the male players' negative impression of artificial turf.
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            Fiber-Reinforced Composites for Dental Applications

            Fiber-reinforced composites (FRCs) are composite materials with three different components: the matrix (continuous phase), the fibers (dispersed phase), and the zone in between (interphase). FRC materials present high stiffness and strength per weight when compared with other structural materials along with adequate toughness. FRCs have been used for numerous applications in various engineering and biomedical fields for a long time. The reinforcement of dental resins with either short or long fibers on the other hand has been described in literature for more than 40 years [1]. FRCs based on carbon, polyaramid, polyethylene, and glass have been largely studied and among all, glass fibers of various compositions are more commonly applied as restorative and prosthetic materials [2, 3]. FRCs have been intensively investigated with a particular emphasis on mechanical properties such as fracture toughness, compressive strength, load-bearing capacity [4], flexural strength [5], fatigue resistance [6], fracture strength [7] or on the effect of layer thickness [8], bacterial adhesion [9], adhesion of fibers for various dental applications, such as long fibers [10], nets [11], and posts [12]. From clinical perspective, FRCs have been investigated for different clinical applications in prosthodontics, such as replacement of missing teeth by resin-bonded adhesive fixed dental prostheses of various kinds [13], reinforcement elements of dentures or pontics [14], and direct construction of posts and cores [15]. In other disciplines of dentistry, such as orthodontics FRCs have been suggested as active and passive orthodontic applications (i.e., anchorage or en-masse movement units) and postorthodontic tooth retention [16] and in periodontology for splinting mobile teeth in an attempt to prolong tooth extraction [17]. With the introduction of new technologies, nanofillers, resin matrices, fibers, adhesion protocols, and application techniques, the design principles of FRC devices need further understanding which open new fields of research both preclinically and clinically [18]. On the basis of these considerations, BioMed Research International prepared the present special issue in an attempt to explore these new variables related to FRCs. Guest editors do hope that this special issue would be interesting for the readers of the journal and wish that the present work could help both clinicians and researchers to understand FRC applications and properties.
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              Influence of the Mechanical Properties of Third-Generation Artificial Turf Systems on Soccer Players’ Physiological and Physical Performance and Their Perceptions

              The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of the mechanical properties of artificial turf systems on soccer players’ performance. A battery of perceptive physiological and physical tests were developed on four different structural systems of artificial turf (System 1: Compacted gravel sub-base without elastic layer; System 2: Compacted gravel sub-base with elastic layer; System 3: Asphalt sub-base without elastic layer; System 4: Asphalt sub-base with elastic layer). The sample was composed of 18 soccer players (22.44±1.72 years) who typically train and compete on artificial turf. The artificial turf system with less rotational traction (S3) showed higher total time in the Repeated Sprint Ability test in comparison to the systems with intermediate values (49.46±1.75 s vs 47.55±1.82 s (S1) and 47.85±1.59 s (S2); p 0.05). The physiological load was similar in all four artificial turf systems. However, players felt more comfortable on the harder and more rigid system (S4; visual analogue scale = 70.83±14.28) than on the softer artificial turf system (S2; visual analogue scale = 54.24±19.63). The lineal regression analysis revealed a significant influence of the mechanical properties of the surface of 16.5%, 15.8% and 7.1% on the mean time of the sprint, the best sprint time and the maximum mean speed in the RSA test respectively. Results suggest a mechanical heterogeneity between the systems of artificial turf which generate differences in the physical performance and in the soccer players’ perceptions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sensors (Basel)
                Sensors (Basel)
                sensors
                Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                MDPI
                1424-8220
                18 March 2020
                March 2020
                : 20
                : 6
                : 1688
                Affiliations
                [1 ]IGOID Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; Enrique.Colino@ 123456uclm.es (E.C.); Jorge.GarciaUnanue@ 123456uclm.es (J.G.-U.); Leonor.Gallardo@ 123456uclm.es (L.G.)
                [2 ]School of Industrial and Aerospace Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; lis.corral@ 123456uclm.es (L.C.-G.); David.RRosa@ 123456uclm.es (D.R.-R.); Sergio.Juarez@ 123456uclm.es (S.J.-P.); Antonio.Gonzalez@ 123456uclm.es (A.G.-R.)
                [3 ]School of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; javier.sanchez2@ 123456universidadeuropea.es (J.S.-S.); joseluis.felipe@ 123456universidadeuropea.es (J.L.F.)
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3376-2303
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2747-4081
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1741-5566
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0017-0184
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2029-1277
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5389-4253
                Article
                sensors-20-01688
                10.3390/s20061688
                7146741
                32197372
                2a3319fe-f024-455d-b86f-2f6fb18ebb2f
                © 2020 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 26 February 2020
                : 16 March 2020
                Categories
                Article

                Biomedical engineering
                sport surface,ball rebound test,mechatronics,robotics,repeatability
                Biomedical engineering
                sport surface, ball rebound test, mechatronics, robotics, repeatability

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