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      Floating microspheres: a review

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          Abstract

          Gastric emptying is a complex process, one that is highly variable and that makes in vivo performance of drug delivery systems uncertain. A controlled drug delivery system with prolonged residence time in the stomach can be of great practical importance for drugs with an absorption window in the upper small intestine. The main limitations are attributed to the inter- and intra-subject variability of gastro-intestinal (GI) transit time and to the non-uniformity of drug absorption throughout the alimentary canal. Floating or hydrodynamically controlled drug delivery systems are useful in such applications. Various gastroretentive dosage forms are available, including tablets, capsules, pills, laminated films, floating microspheres, granules and powders. Floating microspheres have been gaining attention due to the uniform distribution of these multiple-unit dosage forms in the stomach, which results in more reproducible drug absorption and reduced risk of local irritation. Such systems have more advantages over the single-unit dosage forms. The present review briefly addresses the physiology of the gastric emptying process with respect to floating drug delivery systems. The purpose of this review is to bring together the recent literature with respect to the method of preparation, and various parameters affecting the performance and characterization of floating microspheres.

          Translated abstract

          O esvaziamento gástrico é um processo complexo, com elevada variabilidade e responsável pela incerteza do desempenho dos medicamentos in vivo. Dessa forma, os sistemas de liberação modificada de fármacos, com tempo de residência prolongado no estômago, em especial, considerando aqueles fármacos com janela de absorção na porção superior do intestino delgado, apresentam fundamental importância. As principais limitações relativas à absorção do fármaco são, no geral, atribuídas à variabilidade inter e intra-paciente do tempo de trânsito gastro-intestinal (GI) e da não-uniformidade da absorção do fármaco na extensão do canal alimentar. Assim, justifica-se a utilização dos sistemas flutuantes ou hidrodinâmicos de liberação de fármacos. Vários medicamentos gastrorretentivos estão disponibilizados no mercado e incluem comprimidos, cápsulas, pílulas, filmes laminados, microesferas flutuantes, grânulos e pós. As microesferas flutuantes apresentam maior destaque em função da distribuição granulométrica uniforme dessas formulações de dose múltipla. Como resultado, a absorção do fármaco apresenta maior reprodutibilidade e os riscos associados à irritação local são reduzidos. Tais sistemas apresentam maior vantagem quando comparado às formulações de dose única. A presente revisão tem como objetivo apresentar as publicações recentes referentes aos métodos de preparação, os vários parâmetros que afetam o desempenho e a caracterização das microesferas flutuantes. Além disso, o presente trabalho aborda a fisiologia do processo de esvaziamento gástrico no que se refere aos sistemas flutuantes de liberação de fármacos.

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          Most cited references81

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          Measurement of gastric emptying rate of solids by means of a carbon-labeled octanoic acid breath test.

          The aim of the present study was to develop a breath test for measuring gastric emptying rate of solids that would induce less radiation exposure than radioscintigraphy and would be applicable to field testing. A test meal was used in which [14C]-octanoic acid was mixed with egg yolk and prepared as a scrambled egg. The test meal was labeled with a second marker, 99mTc-albumin colloid, and simultaneous radioscintigraphic and breath test measurements were performed in 36 subjects, 16 normal controls, and 20 patients with dyspeptic symptoms. Mathematical analysis of the excretion rate of labeled CO2 resulted in the definition of three parameters, i.e., gastric emptying coefficient, gastric half-emptying time, and lag phase. There was an excellent correlation between the gastric emptying coefficient and the scintigraphic half-emptying time (r = -0.88); between the half-emptying time determined by the breath test and the scintigraphic half-emptying time (r = 0.89); and between the lag phases determined by scintigraphy and those determined by breath test (r = 0.92). 14C can be replaced by 13C for labeling the octanoic acid used in the breath test. It is concluded that the octanoic acid breath test is a reliable noninvasive test to measure gastric emptying rate of solids.
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            Role of caloric content on gastric emptying in humans.

            1. This study examined the effects of caloric content (caloric density and the nature of calories) on the rate of gastric emptying using the double-sampling gastric aspiration technique. Four test meals of 600 ml (glucose, 0.1 kcal ml-1; pea and whey peptide hydrolysates, both 0.2 kcal ml-1; milk protein, 0.7 kcal ml-1) were tested in six healthy subjects in random order on four separate occasions. 2. The glucose solution was emptied the fastest with a half-time of 9.4 +/- 1.2 min (P < 0.05) and the milk protein the slowest with a half-time of 26.4 +/- 10.0 min (P < 0.05); the pea peptide hydrolysate and whey peptide hydrolysate solutions had half-times of emptying of 16.3 +/- 5.4 and 17.2 +/- 6.1 min, respectively. The rates of gastric emptying for the peptide hydrolysate solutions derived from different protein sources were not different. 3. Despite the lower rate of gastric emptying for the milk protein solution, the rate of caloric delivery to the duodenum during the early phase of the gastric emptying process was higher than that for the other three solutions (46.3 +/- 6, 63.5 +/- 22, 62.5 +/- 19 and 113.8 +/- 25 cal min-1 kg-1 for the glucose, pea peptide hydrolysate, whey peptide hydrolysate and milk protein meals, respectively; P < 0.05). The caloric density of the test solutions was linearly related to the half-time of gastric emptying (r = 0.96, P < 0.05) as well as to the rate at which calories were delivered to the duodenum (r = 0.99, P < 0.001). 4. This study demonstrates that the rate of gastric emptying is a function of the caloric density of the ingested meal and that a linear relationship exists between these variables. Furthermore, the nature of the calories seems to play a minor role in determining the rate of gastric emptying in humans.
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              Martin's Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

              JS Patric (1993)

                Author and article information

                Journal
                bjps
                Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
                Braz. J. Pharm. Sci.
                Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                2175-9790
                March 2012
                : 48
                : 1
                : 17-30
                Affiliations
                [01] Pune orgnameSTES's Sinhgad College of Pharmacy India
                Article
                S1984-82502012000100003 S1984-8250(12)04800103
                10.1590/S1984-82502012000100003
                2a6a1a0e-fcca-417f-a086-183c3627bb37

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 08 June 2011
                : 12 April 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 81, Pages: 14
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Reviews

                Emulsion solvent diffusion-evaporation method,Fármacos,Modificadores de liberação,Floating microspheres,Drug delivery system,Release modifiers,Microesferas flutuantes,Método solvente da difusão-evaporação

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