Impact of Coronary Artery Disease on 30‐Day and 1‐Year Mortality in Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: A Meta‐Analysis

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Abstract

Background

The impact of coronary artery disease ( CAD) on outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve replacement ( TAVR) is understudied. Literature on the prognostic role of CAD in the survival of patients undergoing TAVR shows conflicting results. This meta‐analysis aims to investigate how CAD impacts patient survival following TAVR.

Methods and Results

We completed a comprehensive literature search of Embase, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library, and included studies reporting outcome of TAVR based on CAD status of patients for the analysis. From the initial 1631 citations, 15 studies reporting on 8013 patients were analyzed using a random‐effects model. Of the 8013 patients undergoing TAVR, with a median age of 81.3 years (79–85.1 years), 46.6% (40–55.7) were men and 3899 (48.7%) had CAD (ranging from 30.8% to 78.2% in various studies). Overall, 3121 SAPIEN/ SAPIEN XT/ SAPIEN 3 (39.6%) and 4763 CoreValve (60.4%) prostheses were implanted, with transfemoral access being the most frequently used approach for the implantation (76.1%). Our analysis showed no significant difference between patients with and without CAD for all‐cause mortality at 30 days post TAVR, with a cumulative odds ratio of 1.07 (95% confidence interval, 0.82–1.40; P=0.62). However, there was a significant increase in all‐cause mortality at 1 year in the CAD group compared with patients without CAD, with a cumulative odds ratio of 1.21 (95% confidence interval, 1.07–1.36; P=0.002).

Conclusions

Even though coexisting CAD does not impact 30‐day mortality, it does have an impact on 1‐year mortality in patients undergoing TAVR. Our results highlight a need to revisit the revascularization strategies for concomitant CAD in patients with TAVR.

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Most cited references 40

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Updated standardized endpoint definitions for transcatheter aortic valve implantation: the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 consensus document.

A Pieter Kappetein, Stuart Head, Philippe Genereux … (2012)

The aim of the current Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC)-2 initiative was to revisit the selection and definitions of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) clinical endpoints to make them more suitable to the present and future needs of clinical trials. In addition, this document is intended to expand the understanding of patient risk stratification and case selection. A recent study confirmed that VARC definitions have already been incorporated into clinical and research practice and represent a new standard for consistency in reporting clinical outcomes of patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis (AS) undergoing TAVI. However, as the clinical experience with this technology has matured and expanded, certain definitions have become unsuitable or ambiguous. Two in-person meetings (held in September 2011 in Washington, DC, USA, and in February 2012 in Rotterdam, the Netherlands) involving VARC study group members, independent experts (including surgeons, interventional and non-interventional cardiologists, imaging specialists, neurologists, geriatric specialists, and clinical trialists), the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and industry representatives, provided much of the substantive discussion from which this VARC-2 consensus manuscript was derived. This document provides an overview of risk assessment and patient stratification that need to be considered for accurate patient inclusion in studies. Working groups were assigned to define the following clinical endpoints: mortality, stroke, myocardial infarction, bleeding complications, acute kidney injury, vascular complications, conduction disturbances and arrhythmias, and a miscellaneous category including relevant complications not previously categorized. Furthermore, comprehensive echocardiography recommendations are provided for the evaluation of prosthetic valve (dys)function. Definitions for the quality of life assessments are also reported. These endpoints formed the basis for several recommended composite endpoints. This VARC-2 document has provided further standardization of endpoint definitions for studies evaluating the use of TAVI, which will lead to improved comparability and interpretability of the study results, supplying an increasingly growing body of evidence with respect to TAVI and/or surgical aortic valve replacement. This initiative and document can furthermore be used as a model during current endeavors of applying definitions to other transcatheter valve therapies (for example, mitral valve repair). Copyright © 2012 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Percutaneous transcatheter implantation of an aortic valve prosthesis for calcific aortic stenosis: first human case description.

Alain Cribier, Hélène Eltchaninoff, Assaf Bash … (2002)

The design of a percutaneous implantable prosthetic heart valve has become an important area for investigation. A percutaneously implanted heart valve (PHV) composed of 3 bovine pericardial leaflets mounted within a balloon-expandable stent was developed. After ex vivo testing and animal implantation studies, the first human implantation was performed in a 57-year-old man with calcific aortic stenosis, cardiogenic shock, subacute leg ischemia, and other associated noncardiac diseases. Valve replacement had been declined for this patient, and balloon valvuloplasty had been performed with nonsustained results. With the use of an antegrade transseptal approach, the PHV was successfully implanted within the diseased native aortic valve, with accurate and stable PHV positioning, no impairment of the coronary artery blood flow or of the mitral valve function, and a mild paravalvular aortic regurgitation. Immediately and at 48 hours after implantation, valve function was excellent, resulting in marked hemodynamic improvement. Over a follow-up period of 4 months, the valvular function remained satisfactory as assessed by sequential transesophageal echocardiography, and there was no recurrence of heart failure. However, severe noncardiac complications occurred, including a progressive worsening of the leg ischemia, leading to leg amputation with lack of healing, infection, and death 17 weeks after PHV implantation. Nonsurgical implantation of a prosthetic heart valve can be successfully achieved with immediate and midterm hemodynamic and clinical improvement. After further device modifications, additional durability tests, and confirmatory clinical implantations, PHV might become an important therapeutic alternative for the treatment of selected patients with nonsurgical aortic stenosis.

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Characterization of the early lesion of 'degenerative' valvular aortic stenosis. Histological and immunohistochemical studies.

C Otto, J. Kuusisto, D Reichenbach … (1994)

Nonrheumatic stenosis of trileaflet aortic valves, often termed senile or calcific valvular aortic stenosis, is considered a "degenerative" process, but little is known about the cellular or molecular factors that mediate its development. To characterize the developing aortic valvular lesion, we performed histological and immunohistochemical studies on Formalin-fixed and methanol-Carnoy's-fixed paraffin-embedded aortic valve leaflets or on frozen sections obtained at autopsy from 27 adults (age, 46 to 82 years) with normal leaflets (n = 6), mild macroscopic leaflet thickening (n = 15), or clinical aortic stenosis (n = 6). Focal areas of thickening ("early lesions") were characterized by (1) subendothelial thickening on the aortic side of the leaflet, between the basement membrane (PAS-positive) and elastic lamina (Verhoeff-van Gieson), (2) the presence of large amounts of intracellular and extracellular neutral lipids (oil red O) and fine, stippled mineralization (von Kossa), and (3) disruption of the basement membrane overlying the lesion. Regions of the fibrosa adjacent to these lesions were characterized by thickening and by protein, lipid, and calcium accumulation. Control valves showed none of these abnormalities. Immunohistochemical studies were performed using monoclonal antibodies directed against macrophages (anti-CD68 or HAM-56), and contractile proteins of smooth muscle cells or myofibroblasts (anti-alpha-actin and HHF-35) or rabbit polyclonal antiserum against T lymphocytes (anti-CD3). In normal valves, scattered macrophages were present in the fibrosa and ventricularis, and occasional muscle actin-positive cells were detected in the proximal portion of the ventricularis near the leaflet base, but no T lymphocytes were found. In contrast, early lesions were characterized by the presence of an inflammatory infiltrate composed of non-foam cell and foam cell macrophages, occasional T cells, and rare alpha-actin-positive cells. In stenotic aortic valves, a similar but more advanced lesion was seen. The early lesion of "degenerative" aortic stenosis is an active inflammatory process with some similarities (lipid deposition, macrophage and T-cell infiltration, and basement membrane disruption) and some dissimilarities (presence of prominent mineralization and small numbers of smooth muscle cells) to atherosclerosis.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Samir R. Kapadia: kapadis@ccf.org

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Am Heart Assoc

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Am Heart Assoc

Journal ID (doi): 10.1002/(ISSN)2047-9980

Journal ID (publisher-id): JAH3

Journal ID (hwp): ahaoa

Title: Journal of the American Heart Association: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease

Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )

ISSN (Electronic): 2047-9980

Publication date (Electronic): 11 October 2017

Publication date Collection: October 2017

Volume: 6

Issue: 10 ( doiID: 10.1002/jah3.2017.6.issue-10 )

Electronic Location Identifier: e006092

Affiliations

[ ¹ ] Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Cleveland Clinic Cleveland OH

[ ² ] Department of Internal Medicine Cleveland Clinic Cleveland OH

[ ³ ] Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Cleveland Clinic Cleveland OH

Author notes

[*] [* ] Correspondence to: Samir Kapadia, MD, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195. E‐mail: kapadis@ 123456ccf.org

Article

Publisher ID: JAH32474

DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.117.006092

PMC ID: 5721835

PubMed ID: 29021275

SO-VID: 2a947c46-4ac0-497d-a8f5-0ea73bab7bf0

License:

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

History

Date received : 14 March 2017

Date accepted : 28 June 2017

Page count

Figures: 6, Tables: 3, Pages: 19, Words: 7338

Custom metadata

source-schema-version-number 2.0

component-id jah32474

cover-date October 2017

details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:5.2.1 mode:remove_FC converted:24.10.2017

ScienceOpen disciplines: Cardiovascular Medicine

Keywords: coronary artery disease,meta‐analysis,revascularization,transcatheter aortic valve implantation,transcatheter aortic valve replacement,aortic valve replacement/transcather aortic valve implantation,percutaneous coronary intervention

Data availability:

ScienceOpen disciplines: Cardiovascular Medicine

Keywords: coronary artery disease, meta‐analysis, revascularization, transcatheter aortic valve implantation, transcatheter aortic valve replacement, aortic valve replacement/transcather aortic valve implantation, percutaneous coronary intervention

Impact of Coronary Artery Disease on 30‐Day and 1‐Year Mortality in Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: A Meta‐Analysis

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Background

Methods and Results

Conclusions

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Cardiovascular Innovations and Applications

Most cited references 40

Updated standardized endpoint definitions for transcatheter aortic valve implantation: the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 consensus document.

Percutaneous transcatheter implantation of an aortic valve prosthesis for calcific aortic stenosis: first human case description.

Characterization of the early lesion of 'degenerative' valvular aortic stenosis. Histological and immunohistochemical studies.

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