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      Novel insights into the metabolic action of Kiss1 neurons

      review-article
      Author(s): 1 , 1
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Endocrine Connections
      Publisher: Bioscientifica Ltd
      Keywords: kisspeptin, metabolism, food intake, energy expenditure, POMC, AgRP/NPY

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          Abstract

          Kiss1 neurons are essential regulators of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis by regulating gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release. Compelling evidence suggests that Kiss1 neurons of the arcuate nucleus (Kiss1 ARC), recently identified as the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator driving fertility, also participate in the regulation of metabolism through kisspeptinergic and glutamatergic interactions with, at least, proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP)/neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons, located in close apposition with Kiss1 ARC. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the recent developments, mainly derived from animal models, on the role of Kiss1 neurons in the regulation of energy balance, including food intake, energy expenditure and the influence of circadian rhythms on this role. Furthermore, the possible neuroendocrine pathways underlying this effect, and the existing controversies related to the anorexigenic action of kisspeptin in the different experimental models, are also discussed.

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          Regulation of Kiss1 gene expression in the brain of the female mouse.

          Jeremy Smith, Matthew Cunningham, Emilie Rissman … (2005)
          The Kiss1 gene encodes a family of neuropeptides called kisspeptins, which activate the receptor G protein-coupled receptor-54 and play a role in the neuroendocrine regulation of GnRH secretion. We examined whether estradiol (E2) regulates KiSS-1 in the forebrain of the female mouse by comparing KiSS-1 mRNA expression among groups of ovary-intact (diestrus), ovariectomized (OVX), and OVX plus E2-treated mice. In the arcuate nucleus (Arc), KiSS-1 expression increased after ovariectomy and decreased with E2 treatment. Conversely, in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV), KiSS-1 expression was reduced after ovariectomy and increased with E2 treatment. To determine whether the effects of E2 on KiSS-1 are mediated through estrogen receptor (ER)alpha or ERbeta, we evaluated the effects of E2 in OVX mice that lacked functional ERalpha or ERbeta. In OVX mice that lacked functional ERalpha, KiSS-1 mRNA did not respond to E2 in either the Arc or AVPV, suggesting that ERalpha is essential for mediating the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of E2. In contrast, KiSS-1 mRNA in OVX mice that lacked functional ERbeta responded to E2 exactly as wild-type animals. Double-label in situ hybridization revealed that virtually all KiSS-1-expressing neurons in the Arc and AVPV coexpress ERalpha, suggesting that the effects of E2 are mediated directly through KiSS-1 neurons. We conclude that KiSS-1 neurons in the Arc, which are inhibited by E2, may play a role in the negative feedback regulation of GnRH secretion, whereas KiSS-1 neurons in the AVPV, which are stimulated by E2, may participate in the positive feedback regulation of GnRH secretion.
          Article 0 comments Cited 247 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Toward a Wiring Diagram Understanding of Appetite Control.

            Mark Andermann, Bradford B. Lowell (2017)
            Prior mouse genetic research has set the stage for a deep understanding of appetite regulation. This goal is now being realized through the use of recent technological advances, such as the ability to map connectivity between neurons, manipulate neural activity in real time, and measure neural activity during behavior. Indeed, major progress has been made with regard to meal-related gut control of appetite, arcuate nucleus-based hypothalamic circuits linking energy state to the motivational drive, hunger, and, finally, limbic and cognitive processes that bring about hunger-mediated increases in reward value and perception of food. Unexpected findings are also being made; for example, the rapid regulation of homeostatic neurons by cues that predict future food consumption. The aim of this review is to cover the major underpinnings of appetite regulation, describe recent advances resulting from new technologies, and synthesize these findings into an updated view of appetite regulation.
            Article 0 comments Cited 226 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Central neural regulation of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and energy expenditure.

              Shaun F Morrison, Christopher J Madden, Domenico Tupone (2014)
              Thermogenesis, the production of heat energy, is the specific, neurally regulated, metabolic function of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and contributes to the maintenance of body temperature during cold exposure and to the elevated core temperature during several behavioral states, including wakefulness, the acute phase response (fever), and stress. BAT energy expenditure requires metabolic fuel availability and contributes to energy balance. This review summarizes the functional organization and neurochemical influences within the CNS networks governing the level of BAT sympathetic nerve activity to produce the thermoregulatory and metabolically driven alterations in BAT thermogenesis and energy expenditure that contribute to overall energy homeostasis. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
              Article 0 comments Cited 170 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Endocr Connect
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Endocr Connect
                Journal ID (hwp): EC
                Title: Endocrine Connections
                Publisher: Bioscientifica Ltd (Bristol )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2049-3614
                Publication date Collection: May 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 April 2020
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 5
                Pages: R124-R133
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Medicine , Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
                Author notes
                Correspondence should be addressed to V M Navarro: vnavarro@ 123456bwh.harvard.edu
                Article
                Publisher ID: EC-20-0068
                DOI: 10.1530/EC-20-0068
                PMC ID: 7274555
                PubMed ID: 32348961
                SO-VID: 2a99f79d-23a4-4652-a4d2-da4c5de75b82
                Copyright © © 2020 The authors
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                Date received : 16 April 2020
                Date accepted : 28 April 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: kisspeptin,metabolism,food intake,energy expenditure,pomc,agrp/npy
                Data availability:
                Keywords: kisspeptin, metabolism, food intake, energy expenditure, pomc, agrp/npy

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