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      From waste to waste: iron blast furnace slag for heavy metal ions removal from aqueous system

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          Abstract

          Inordinate levels of heavy metals in water sources have long been a matter of concern, posing serious environmental and public health risks. Adsorption, on the other hand, is a viable technique for removing heavy metals from water due to its high efficiency, low cost, and ease of operation. Blast furnace slag (BFS) is considered a cheap sorbent for the get rid of Co 2+ and Pb 2+ ions from aqueous media. The nonmodified slag is characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), N 2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and zeta potential. The removal of Co 2+ and Pb 2+ ions was carried out using batch adsorption experiments from an aqueous medium. The influence of several variables as pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, temperature, and initial ions concentration was considered. The isotherm, kinetic, thermodynamic, and recyclability were also conducted. The maximum uptake capacity for Co 2+ and Pb 2+ was 43.8 and 30.2 mg g −1 achieved at pH 6 after 60 min contact time. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms of BFS for Co 2+ and Pb 2+ fitted well to Avrami and Freundlich models, respectively. The main adsorption mechanism between BFS and the metal ions was ion exchange. The regeneration of the used slag was studied for reuse many cycles. In terms of economics and scalability, nonmodified BFS treatment has great potential as a cost-effective adsorbent that could be used in water pollution treatment.

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          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-022-19834-3.

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          Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: a review.

          Heavy metal pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems today. The treatment of heavy metals is of special concern due to their recalcitrance and persistence in the environment. In recent years, various methods for heavy metal removal from wastewater have been extensively studied. This paper reviews the current methods that have been used to treat heavy metal wastewater and evaluates these techniques. These technologies include chemical precipitation, ion-exchange, adsorption, membrane filtration, coagulation-flocculation, flotation and electrochemical methods. About 185 published studies (1988-2010) are reviewed in this paper. It is evident from the literature survey articles that ion-exchange, adsorption and membrane filtration are the most frequently studied for the treatment of heavy metal wastewater. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals

            Heavy metal toxicity has proven to be a major threat and there are several health risks associated with it. The toxic effects of these metals, even though they do not have any biological role, remain present in some or the other form harmful for the human body and its proper functioning. They sometimes act as a pseudo element of the body while at certain times they may even interfere with metabolic processes. Few metals, such as aluminium, can be removed through elimination activities, while some metals get accumulated in the body and food chain, exhibiting a chronic nature. Various public health measures have been undertaken to control, prevent and treat metal toxicity occurring at various levels, such as occupational exposure, accidents and environmental factors. Metal toxicity depends upon the absorbed dose, the route of exposure and duration of exposure, i.e. acute or chronic. This can lead to various disorders and can also result in excessive damage due to oxidative stress induced by free radical formation. This review gives details about some heavy metals and their toxicity mechanisms, along with their health effects.
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              Heavy metal pollution in the environment and their toxicological effects on humans

              Environmental pollution of heavy metals is increasingly becoming a problem and has become of great concern due to the adverse effects it is causing around the world. These inorganic pollutants are being discarded in our waters, soils and into the atmosphere due to the rapidly growing agriculture and metal industries, improper waste disposal, fertilizers and pesticides. This review shows how pollutants enter the environment together with their fate. Some metals affect biological functions and growth, while other metals accumulate in one or more different organs causing many serious diseases such as cancer. The pharmacokinetics and toxicological processes in humans for each metal is described. In summary, the review shows the physiological and biochemical effects of each heavy metal bioaccumulation in humans and the level of gravity and disquieting factor of the disease.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                sfoda20@hotmail.com
                Journal
                Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
                Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
                Environmental Science and Pollution Research International
                Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                0944-1344
                1614-7499
                31 March 2022
                31 March 2022
                2022
                : 29
                : 38
                : 57964-57979
                Affiliations
                GRID grid.470969.5, Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, ; P.O. Box 87, Helwan, 11421 Cairo Egypt
                Author notes

                Responsible Editor: Tito Roberto Cadaval Jr

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2698-2041
                Article
                19834
                10.1007/s11356-022-19834-3
                9395503
                35355191
                2a9f7971-859d-43d6-a5ee-60447e8c8d14
                © The Author(s) 2022

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 14 December 2021
                : 16 March 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2022

                General environmental science
                blast furnace slag,removal,adsorption,heavy metals,kinetics,industrial wastewater

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