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      Long-term data shows increasing dominance of Bombus terrestris with climate warming

      , , , , ,
      Basic and Applied Ecology
      Elsevier BV

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          Bee declines driven by combined stress from parasites, pesticides, and lack of flowers.

          Bees are subject to numerous pressures in the modern world. The abundance and diversity of flowers has declined; bees are chronically exposed to cocktails of agrochemicals, and they are simultaneously exposed to novel parasites accidentally spread by humans. Climate change is likely to exacerbate these problems in the future. Stressors do not act in isolation; for example, pesticide exposure can impair both detoxification mechanisms and immune responses, rendering bees more susceptible to parasites. It seems certain that chronic exposure to multiple interacting stressors is driving honey bee colony losses and declines of wild pollinators, but such interactions are not addressed by current regulatory procedures, and studying these interactions experimentally poses a major challenge. In the meantime, taking steps to reduce stress on bees would seem prudent; incorporating flower-rich habitat into farmland, reducing pesticide use through adopting more sustainable farming methods, and enforcing effective quarantine measures on bee movements are all practical measures that should be adopted. Effective monitoring of wild pollinator populations is urgently needed to inform management strategies into the future.
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            Worldwide decline of specialist species: toward a global functional homogenization?

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              Safeguarding pollinators and their values to human well-being

              Wild and managed pollinators provide a wide range of benefits to society in terms of contributions to food security, farmer and beekeeper livelihoods, social and cultural values, as well as the maintenance of wider biodiversity and ecosystem stability. Pollinators face numerous threats, including changes in land-use and management intensity, climate change, pesticides and genetically modified crops, pollinator management and pathogens, and invasive alien species. There are well-documented declines in some wild and managed pollinators in several regions of the world. However, many effective policy and management responses can be implemented to safeguard pollinators and sustain pollination services.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Basic and Applied Ecology
                Basic and Applied Ecology
                Elsevier BV
                14391791
                March 2021
                March 2021
                Article
                10.1016/j.baae.2021.03.008
                2aaeafef-6f00-44f5-8d78-6d45c8a3c0c0
                © 2021

                https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/

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