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      Archaeology demonstrates sustainable ancestral Coast Salish salmon stewardship over thousands of years

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          Abstract

          Salmon are an essential component of the ecosystem in Tsleil-Waututh Nation’s traditional, ancestral, and contemporary unceded territory, centred on present-day Burrard Inlet, BC, Canada, where Tsleil-Waututh people have been harvesting salmon, along with a wide variety of other fishes, for millennia. Tsleil-Waututh Nation is a Coast Salish community that has called the Inlet home since time immemorial. This research assesses the continuity and sustainability of the salmon fishery at təmtəmíxʷtən, an ancestral Tsleil-Waututh settlement in the Inlet, over thousands of years before European contact (1792 CE). We apply Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS) analysis to 245 archaeological salmon vertebrae to identify the species that were harvested by the ancestral Tsleil-Waututh community that lived at təmtəmíxʷtən. The results demonstrate that Tsleil-Waututh communities consistently and preferentially fished for chum salmon ( Oncorhynchus keta) over the period of almost 3,000 years. The consistent abundance indicates a sustainable chum salmon fishery over that time, and a strong salmon-to-people relationship through perhaps 100 generations. This research supports Tsleil-Waututh Nation’s stewardship obligations under their ancestral legal principles to maintain conditions that uphold the Nation’s way of life.

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          Most cited references44

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          Bayesian Analysis of Radiocarbon Dates

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            Stable-carbon isotope ratios as a measure of marine versus terrestrial protein in ancient diets.

            The stable-carbon isotope ratios for the flesh of marine and terrestrial animals from Canada's Pacific coast differ by 7.9 +/- 0.4 per mil, reflecting the approximately 7 per mil difference between oceanic and atmospheric carbon. This difference is passed on to human consumers. The carbon isotopic values (delta(13)C) for human collagen thus yield direct information on the relative amounts of marine and terrestrial foods in prehistoric diets.
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              Towards sustainability in world fisheries.

              Fisheries have rarely been 'sustainable'. Rather, fishing has induced serial depletions, long masked by improved technology, geographic expansion and exploitation of previously spurned species lower in the food web. With global catches declining since the late 1980s, continuation of present trends will lead to supply shortfall, for which aquaculture cannot be expected to compensate, and may well exacerbate. Reducing fishing capacity to appropriate levels will require strong reductions of subsidies. Zoning the oceans into unfished marine reserves and areas with limited levels of fishing effort would allow sustainable fisheries, based on resources embedded in functional, diverse ecosystems.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLOS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                25 August 2023
                2023
                : 18
                : 8
                : e0289797
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Institute of Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
                [2 ] Tsleil-Waututh Nation, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
                [3 ] Department of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
                [4 ] Department of Anthropology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
                New York State Museum, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5251-225X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4079-2041
                Article
                PONE-D-23-13312
                10.1371/journal.pone.0289797
                10456131
                2ace9059-4a60-41be-9f25-589ae0294942
                © 2023 Efford et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 2 May 2023
                : 26 July 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 5, Pages: 18
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000038, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada;
                Award ID: DGECR-2019-00426
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004489, Mitacs;
                Award Recipient :
                Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ( https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/Index_eng.asp) Discovery Grant (DGECR-2019-00426) to CS. Mitacs Accelerate to ME. No. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Vertebrates
                Fish
                Osteichthyes
                Salmon
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Animals
                Vertebrates
                Fish
                Osteichthyes
                Salmon
                Social Sciences
                Archaeology
                Social Sciences
                Archaeology
                Archaeological Dating
                Radioactive Carbon Dating
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Chemical Characterization
                Isotope Analysis
                Radioactive Carbon Dating
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Vertebrates
                Fish
                Marine Fish
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Animals
                Vertebrates
                Fish
                Marine Fish
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Marine Biology
                Marine Fish
                Earth Sciences
                Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Marine Biology
                Marine Fish
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Marine Biology
                Fisheries Science
                Earth Sciences
                Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Marine Biology
                Fisheries Science
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Agriculture
                Agricultural Methods
                Sustainable Agriculture
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Sustainability Science
                Sustainable Agriculture
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Skeleton
                Spine
                Vertebrae
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Skeleton
                Spine
                Vertebrae
                Earth Sciences
                Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Bodies of Water
                Inlets
                Custom metadata
                Raw spectra have been deposited into the Dryad data repository ( https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.hqbzkh1mt).

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                Uncategorized

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