Learning curve of self-taught laparoscopic liver surgeons in left lateral sectionectomy: results from an international multi-institutional analysis on 245 cases.

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Abstract

Laparoscopy was suggested as gold standard for left lateral sectionectomy (LLS), thanks to recognized benefits compared to open approach. Aim of this study was to define learning curve (LC) of laparoscopic LLS (LLLS) using operative time (OT) as tool to analyze outcome of procedures performed by four experienced surgeons. Reproducibility and safety of LC in LLLS among independent surgeons were also analyzed as essential features of "standard procedure" concept.

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Most cited references 23

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The International Position on Laparoscopic Liver Surgery

Alan Koffron, Mark Thomas, Brice Gayet … (2009)

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The clinical management of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States, Europe, and Asia: a comprehensive and evidence-based comparison and review.

Zhi Ven Fong, Kenneth Tanabe (2014)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common primary malignancy of the liver, represents 1 of the leading causes of cancer deaths in the world with an estimated 21,670 deaths in the United States in 2013. In contrast to other malignancies, there is an array of treatment options for HCC involving several specialties in the multidisciplinary care of the patient. Consequently, vast heterogeneity in management tendencies has been observed. The objective of this report was to review and compare guidelines on the management of HCC from the United States (National Comprehensive Cancer Network), Europe (European Association for the Study of the Liver-European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer), and Asia (consensus statement from the 2009 Asian Oncology Summit). By and large, all 3 guidelines are similar, with some variance in surveillance and treatment allocation recommendations because of regional differences in disease and other variables (diagnosis, staging systems) secondary to the lack of a concrete, high level of evidence. In contrast to other cancers, the geographic differences in tumor biology and resources make it impractical to have a globally universal guideline for all patients with HCC. Recommendations from the 3 groups are influenced by geographic differences in the prevalence and biology of the disease (ie, areas of increased hepatitis B prevalence) and available resources (organ availability for transplantation, finances, and accessibility to treatment). It is important for both physicians and policy makers to include these considerations when treating patients with HCC as well when structuring policies and guidelines.

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The learning curve in laparoscopic liver resection: improved feasibility and reproducibility.

Alexis Laurent, Daniel Cherqui, Mariano Tomatis … (2009)

To evaluate the "learning curve" effect on feasibility and reproducibility of laparoscopic liver resection (LLR). LLR is currently limited to few centers and to few procedures. Its reproducibility is still debated. : Patients undergoing LLR between 1996 and 2008 were included. Indications and type of hepatectomies were compared with those of open resections performed in the same period, considering 3 periods (1996-1999, 2000-2003, and 2004-2008). LLRs were divided into 3 equal groups of 58 cases and technical data and outcomes were compared. Risk-adjusted Cumulative Sum model was used for determining the learning curve based on the need for conversion. Of 782, 174 (22.3%) patients underwent LLR. Proportion of LLR progressively increased (17.5%, 22.4%, and 24.2%), such as hepatocellular carcinoma (17.6%, 25.6%, and 39.4%, P < 0.05), colorectal metastases (0%, 6.5%, and 13.1%, P < 0.05), major hepatectomies (1.1%, 9.1%, 8.5%, P < 0.05), and right hepatectomies (0%, 13.2%, and 13.1%, P < 0.05). Comparing groups, results of LLR significantly improved in terms of conversion rate (15.5%, 10.3%, and 3.4%, P < 0.05), operative time (210, 180, and 150 minutes, P < 0.05), blood loss (300, 200, and 200 mL, P < 0.05), and morbidity (17.2%, 22.4%, and 3.4%, P < 0.05). Pedicle clamping was less used over time (77.6%, 62.1%, and 17.2%, P < 0.05) and for shorter durations (45, 30, and 20 minutes, P < 0.05). Having adjusted for case-mix, the Cumulative Sum analysis demonstrated a learning curve for laparoscopic hepatectomies of 60 cases. A slow but constant evolution of LLR occurred: indications and magnitude of procedures increased and technical outcomes improved. The learning curve demonstrated in this study suggests that LLR is reproducible in liver units but specific training to advanced laparoscopy is required.