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      Exposure of Humans to Attacks by Deer Keds and Consequences of Their Bites—A Case Report with Environmental Background

      case-report

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          Abstract

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          Lipoptena species, also named the deer ked or deer fly, are commonly encountered in temperate areas of Europe, northern China, and North America. Although wild animals seem to be the preferred hosts of these parasitic arthropods, it is increasingly being noted that humans are also directly threatened by their bites. Skin lesions evolving after Lipoptena bites are painful and often lead to the development of inflammation of the skin. Lipoptena species also pose a threat to the health of the host by transferring pathogenic factors, e.g., Bartonella schoenbuchensis, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. For this reason, knowledge of symptoms caused by Lipoptena bites is worth promoting among not only scientists but also the general public.

          Abstract

          Insects of the genus Lipoptena, e.g., Lipoptena cervi and Lipoptena fortisetosa, are hematophagic ectoparasites mainly attacking deer, roe deer, moose, horses, and cattle. Humans may also be incidental hosts for these insects. The species are vectors of numerous pathogens, including Bartonella schoenbuchensis, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Due to the short time of feeding on humans, usually painless bites, and an initially small trace at the site of the bite, the symptoms reported by the patient may not be associated with deer ked infestation and infection with pathogens transmitted by these arthropods. The aim of the study was to describe the consequences of L. cervi bites in humans with detailed documentation of the development of skin lesions. The knowledge about skin lesions arising after deer ked bites may be useful in clinical practice for monitoring patients for the presence of pathogens transmitted by the parasites.

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          A framework for understanding ecological traps and an evaluation of existing evidence.

          When an animal settles preferentially in a habitat within which it does poorly relative to other available habitats, it is said to have been caught in an "ecological trap." Although the theoretical possibility that animals may be so trapped is widely recognized, the absence of a clear mechanistic understanding of what constitutes a trap means that much of the literature cited as support for the idea may be weak, at best. Here, we develop a conceptual model to explain how an ecological trap might work, outline the specific criteria that are necessary for demonstrating the existence of an ecological trap, and provide tools for researchers to use in detecting ecological traps. We then review the existing literature and summarize the state of empirical evidence for the existence of traps. Our conceptual model suggests that there are two basic kinds of ecological traps and three mechanisms by which traps may be created. To this point in time, there are still only a few solid empirical examples of ecological traps in the published literature (although those few examples suggest that both types of traps and all three of the predicted mechanisms do exist in nature). Therefore, ecological traps are either rare in nature, are difficult to detect, or both. An improved library of empirical studies will be essential if we are to develop a more synthetic understanding of the mechanisms that can trigger maladaptive behavior in general and the specific conditions under which ecological traps might occur.
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            Dermacentor reticulatus: a vector on the rise

            Dermacentor reticulatus is a hard tick species with extraordinary biological features. It has a high reproduction rate, a rapid developmental cycle, and is also able to overcome years of unfavourable conditions. Dermacentor reticulatus can survive under water for several months and is cold-hardy even compared to other tick species. It has a wide host range: over 60 different wild and domesticated hosts are known for the three active developmental stages. Its high adaptiveness gives an edge to this tick species as shown by new data on the emergence and establishment of D. reticulatus populations throughout Europe. The tick has been the research focus of a growing number of scientists, physicians and veterinarians. Within the Web of Science database, more than a fifth of the over 700 items published on this species between 1897 and 2015 appeared in the last three years (2013–2015). Here we attempt to synthesize current knowledge on the systematics, ecology, geographical distribution and recent spread of the species and to highlight the great spectrum of possible veterinary and public health threats it poses. Canine babesiosis caused by Babesia canis is a severe leading canine vector-borne disease in many endemic areas. Although less frequently than Ixodes ricinus, D. reticulatus adults bite humans and transmit several Rickettsia spp., Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus or Tick-borne encephalitis virus. We have not solely collected and reviewed the latest and fundamental scientific papers available in primary databases but also widened our scope to books, theses, conference papers and specialists colleagues’ experience where needed. Besides the dominant literature available in English, we also tried to access scientific literature in German, Russian and eastern European languages as well. We hope to inspire future research projects that are necessary to understand the basic life-cycle and ecology of this vector in order to understand and prevent disease threats. We conclude that although great strides have been made in our knowledge of the eco-epidemiology of this species, several gaps still need to be filled with basic research, targeting possible reservoir and vector roles and the key factors resulting in the observed geographical spread of D. reticulatus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1599-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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              Isolation of Bartonella schoenbuchensis from Lipoptena cervi, a blood-sucking arthropod causing deer ked dermatitis.

              Bartonella schoenbuchensis, which commonly causes bacteremia in ruminants, was isolated from the deer ked Lipoptena cervi and was shown to localize to the midgut of this blood-sucking arthropod, causing deer ked dermatitis in humans. The role of B. schoenbuchensis in the etiology of deer ked dermatitis should be further investigated.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Insects
                Insects
                insects
                Insects
                MDPI
                2075-4450
                03 December 2020
                December 2020
                : 11
                : 12
                : 859
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Animal Ethology and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13 St., 20-950 Lublin, Poland
                [2 ]Chair and Department of Biology and Parasitology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwiłłowska 11 St., 20-080 Lublin, Poland; katarzyna.bartosik@ 123456umlub.pl
                [3 ]Department of Cosmetology, Faculty of Physical Education and Health, University of Physical Education, Akademicka 2 St., 21-500 Biała Podlaska, Poland; magdalena.raszewska-famielec@ 123456awf-bp.edu.pl
                [4 ]NZOZ Med-Laser Dermatology Clinic, Młyńska 14A St., 20-406 Lublin, Poland
                [5 ]Ignacy Jan Paderewski Primary School Number 43 in Lublin, Śliwińskiego 5 St., 20-861 Lublin, Poland; szwajewelina@ 123456gmail.com
                [6 ]Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jedności 8 St., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; masman@ 123456sum.edu.pl
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: weronika.maslanko@ 123456up.lublin.pl ; Tel.: +48-814456831
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4021-4348
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4527-9012
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8832-7726
                Article
                insects-11-00859
                10.3390/insects11120859
                7761680
                33287132
                2adaee9a-dd59-401f-94f4-c4454726662f
                © 2020 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 05 November 2020
                : 01 December 2020
                Categories
                Case Report

                deer ked bites,deer ked dermatitis,lipoptena cervi,wild cervids,ectoparasites,blood-sucking arthropods

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