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      Extensive drug-resistance in strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from paediatric urinary tract infections

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          Abstract

          Objectives

          Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children are rapidly increasing worldwide and are commonly caused by extensively drug-resistant bacteria. This study determines the prevalence of UTIs in paediatric patients and evaluates the pattern of extensively drug-resistance in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from paediatric UTI patients.

          Methods

          Uropathogenic bacterial strains were isolated from paediatric patients with UTIs admitted to the Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan. Strains of both E. coli and K. pneumoniae were identified using biochemical characterisation and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility assays for 21 common antimicrobial drugs in order to determine their extensively drug-resistant profile.

          Results

          We isolated 63 E. coli and 37  K. pneumoniae strains from 130 paediatric patients with UTIs over a period of six months. The antibiotic susceptibility assays showed that both the E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains exhibited a high degree of resistance against co-amoxiclav, cefuroxime, cefixime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, pepedemic acid, and co-trimoxazole. However, several of the antimicrobial agents, including polymyxin B, colistin sulphate, chloramphenicol, nitrofurantoin, and fosfomycin, were found to retain their antimicrobial activities against both pathogens. The five highest antibiotic resistant strains were identified as E. coli strains ZK9, ZK40, and ZK60 and K. pneumoniae ZK32 and ZK89 using 16S rRNA gene sequencing.

          Conclusion

          Our study demonstrates that E. coli and K. pneumonia are the dominant extensively drug-resistant uropathogenic bacteria in community-acquired UTIs in our cohort. These uropathogens were found to be resistant to the majority of the routinely-used classes of β-lactams, pyridopyrimidines, quinolones, and fluoroquinolone antibiotics, and these findings may be useful for clinicians in their treatment of paediatric UTIs.

          الملخص

          أهداف البحث

          تتزايد التهابات المسالك البولية في الأطفال بسرعة في جميع أنحاء العالم، وعادة ما تكون ناجمة عن البكتيريا المقاومة للأدوية. هذه الدراسة تحدد انتشار التهاب المسالك البولية في الأطفال، وتقيم نمط البكتيريا المقاومة للأدوية من قبل سلالات معزولة من الإشريكية والكلبسيلة عن التهابات المسالك البولية في مرضى الأطفال.

          طرق البحث

          تم عزل السلالات البكتيرية الممرضة للجهاز البولي من المرضى الأطفال بالتهابات المسالك البولية التي تم إدخالها في معهد صحة الطفل بلاهور، باكستان. تم تحديد السلالات من جنس الإشريكية والكلبسيلة، من خلال التوصيف الكيميائي الحيوي، وتعرضت لمقاييس الحساسية للمضادات الحيوية لتحديد البكتيريا المقاومة للأدوية ضد ٢١ من الأدوية المضادة للميكروبات.

          النتائج

          خلال ستة أشهر، تم عزل ما مجموعه ٦٣ من الإشريكية و٣٧ من سلالات الكلبسيلة من ١٣٠ طفلا مصابين بالتهابات المسالك البولية. وأظهرت مقاييس حساسية المضادات الحيوية أن الإشريكية والكلبسيلة لها مقاومة عالية ضد كوأموكسيكلاف، وسيفروكسيم، وسيفيكسيم، وسيفوتاكسيم، وسيفتازيديم، وسيفترياكسون، وسيبروفلوكساسين، وحمض ناليديكسيك، ونورفلوكساسين، وحمض بيبيديمك، وكوتريموكسيزول. ومع ذلك، فقد وجد أن للعقاقير المضادة للميكروبات بما في ذلك بوليميكسين-ب، وكبريتات الكوليستين، والكلورامفينيكول، ونيتروفوارانتون، وفوسفومايسين فاعلية كبرى للتحكم بالسلالات الممرضة للجهاز البولي من القولونية الإشريكيشية والكلبسيلة الرئوية. وتم تحديد السلالات الخمس التي تعاني من أعلى مقاومة ضد المضادات الحيوية المختبرة على أنها سلالات من الإشريكية القولونية والكلبسيلة الرئوية.

          الاستنتاجات

          أظهرت دراستنا أن الإشريكية القولونية والكلبسيلة الرئوية كانت البكتيريا المهيمنة لمقاومة للأدوية من التهابات المسالك البولية المكتسبة من المجتمع في مجموعتنا. وتم الوصول إلى أن هذه البكتيريا الممرضة للجهاز البولي غير مستجيبة للعقارات المستخدمة بشكل روتيني من المضادات الحيوية مثل بيتا اللاكتام، والبيريدوبيريميدين، والكينولون، والفلوروكينولون. قد تكون هذه النتائج مفيدة للأطباء لتعزيز العلاج التجريبي لالتهابات المسالك البولية في الأطفال.

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          Most cited references46

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          Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance.

          Many different definitions for multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and pandrug-resistant (PDR) bacteria are being used in the medical literature to characterize the different patterns of resistance found in healthcare-associated, antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. A group of international experts came together through a joint initiative by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), to create a standardized international terminology with which to describe acquired resistance profiles in Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp., Enterobacteriaceae (other than Salmonella and Shigella), Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp., all bacteria often responsible for healthcare-associated infections and prone to multidrug resistance. Epidemiologically significant antimicrobial categories were constructed for each bacterium. Lists of antimicrobial categories proposed for antimicrobial susceptibility testing were created using documents and breakpoints from the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) and the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). MDR was defined as acquired non-susceptibility to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories, XDR was defined as non-susceptibility to at least one agent in all but two or fewer antimicrobial categories (i.e. bacterial isolates remain susceptible to only one or two categories) and PDR was defined as non-susceptibility to all agents in all antimicrobial categories. To ensure correct application of these definitions, bacterial isolates should be tested against all or nearly all of the antimicrobial agents within the antimicrobial categories and selective reporting and suppression of results should be avoided. © 2011 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. No claim to original US government works.
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            Puberty timing associated with obesity and central obesity in Chinese Han girls

            Background There is growing scientific evidence supports a link between increased childhood adiposity and early onset of puberty in girls worldwide in recent decades. However, the data from Chinese girls remain ambiguous. The aims of this study were to estimate the puberty milestones and examine attainment of puberty associated with obesity and central obesity in Chinese Han schoolgirls. Methods The cross-sectional school-based study examined 2996 Han schoolgirls aged 9 to 19 years from 6 provinces in China. Trained clinicians assessed  the girls for height, weight, waist circumference, Tanner stages of breast and pubic hair development, and menarcheal status. We classified girls as normal weight, overweight, or obese based on BMI, and as normal weight or central obese based on the waist-height ratio, then estimated and compared median age at a given Tanner stage or greater by weight class using Probit models. Results The median age at menarche was 12.36 years. The median ages at breast stages(B) 2 through 5 were 10.03, 11.38, 13.39, and 15.79 years, respectively, and at pubic hair stages(PH) 2 through 5 were 11.62, 12.70, 14.38, and 16.92 years, respectively. Girls from urban areas experienced menarche, B3 and B4 stages, and PH3 through PH5 stages earlier. Girls with central obesity and overweight/obesity reached puberty earlier at almost every Tanner stage of breast and pubic hair than normal girls. Girls with obesity developed PH2 and PH3 earlier than their overweight peers. However, we did not find any significant differences between girls with overweight and obesity at all stages of breast development. Conclusions Childhood obesity, including both overweight/obesity and central obesity, is associated with earlier attainment of puberty in Chinese Han schoolgirls.
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              Natural history of Mycobacterium fortuitum pulmonary infection presenting with migratory infiltrates: a case report with microbiological analysis

              Background Presence of Mycobacterium fortuitum in respiratory tracts usually indicates mere colonization or transient infection, whereas true pulmonary infection occurs in patients with gastroesophageal disease. However, little is known about the diagnostic indications for true M. fortuitum pulmonary infection and the natural history of the disease. Case presentation A 59-year-old man was referred to our hospital for treatment against M. fortuitum pulmonary infection. Fifteen years before the referral, he underwent total gastrectomy, after which he experienced esophageal reflux symptoms. After the referral, the patient was closely monitored without antimicrobial therapy because of mild symptoms and no pathological evidence of M. fortuitum pulmonary infection. During the observation, chest imaging showed migratory infiltrates. Two years after the referral, his lung biopsy specimen revealed foamy macrophages and multinucleated giant cells, indicating lipoid pneumonia. However, he was continually monitored without any treatment because there was no evidence of nontuberculous mycobacterial infection. Four years after the referral, he developed refractory pneumonia despite receiving adequate antibiotic therapy. After confirmation of granulomatous lesions, multiple antimicrobial therapy for M. fortuitum resulted in a remarkable improvement with no exacerbation for over 5 years. Random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed identical M. fortuitum strains in seven isolates from six sputum and one intestinal fluid specimens obtained during the course of the disease. Conclusions We have described a patient with M. fortuitum pulmonary infection who presented with migratory infiltrates. The pathological evidence and microbiological analysis suggested that M. fortuitum pulmonary infection was associated with lipoid pneumonia and chronic exposure to gastrointestinal fluid. Therefore, physicians should carefully monitor patients with M. fortuitum detected from lower respiratory tract specimens and consider antimicrobial therapy for M. fortuitum infection when the patient does not respond to adequate antibiotic therapy against common pneumonia pathogens.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                J Taibah Univ Med Sci
                J Taibah Univ Med Sci
                Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences
                Taibah University
                1658-3612
                12 April 2021
                August 2021
                12 April 2021
                : 16
                : 4
                : 565-574
                Affiliations
                [1]Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
                Author notes
                []Corresponding address: Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Main Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan. zahidses@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                S1658-3612(21)00069-X
                10.1016/j.jtumed.2021.03.004
                8348552
                34408614
                2b0dabd7-d610-478e-a9ee-86e7d07f250a
                © 2021 Taibah University. Production and hosting by Elsevier Ltd.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 9 November 2020
                : 6 March 2021
                : 10 March 2021
                Categories
                Original Article

                متعددة مقاومة للأدوية,طب الأطفال,عدوى المسالك البولية,تسلسل الجينات,الكلبسيلة الرئوية,16s rrna gene sequencing,klebsiella pneumoniae,multiple drug-resistance,paediatric infections,urinary tract infections

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