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      Indicações de paratireoidectomia no hiperparatireoidismo secundário à insuficiência renal crônica Translated title: Indications for parathyroidectomy in hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic renal failure

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          Abstract

          O hiperparatireoidismo é uma manifestação comum na insuficiência renal crônica (IRC), com alta morbi-mortalidade e difícil manejo clínico. As indicações clássicas da paratireoidectomia são: hipercalcemia persistente, principalmente após transplante renal, prurido intratável, fraturas patológicas, dor óssea refratária ao tratamento medicamentoso e calcificação metastática. Infelizmente, esta última não responde à paratireoidectomia e a calcificação dos vasos está relacionada ao aumento da mortalidade. Assim, novos critérios para indicação mais precoce de paratireoidectomia são necessários. Níveis séricos de PTH maiores que 10 vezes o limite da normalidade, apesar da adequada reposição de cálcio e calcitriol, produto cálcio x fósforo maior que 70(mg/dl)2, tumor marrom quando é urgente a regressão da massa, artrite e/ou periartrite incapacitantes e ruptura de tendões estão entre outras indicações a serem consideradas. Alguns cuidados são necessários para excluir doenças ósseas concomitantes, como amiloidose e intoxicação por alumínio. Esta revisão visa a orientar os endocrinologistas sobre as indicações e melhor momento de realizar paratireoidectomia no hiperparatireoidismo da IRC.

          Translated abstract

          Hyperparathyroidism is a common complication of end-stage renal insufficiency, with a high morbi-mortality and difficult medical control. Classical indications for parathyroidectomy are: persistent hypercalcemia, especially after kidney transplantation, untreatable pruritus, pathologic fractures, bone pain refractory to medical treatment, and metastatic calcifications. Unfortunately, this latter complication does not respond to parathyroidectomy, and blood vessels calcifications are associated with increased mortality. Severe osteitis fibrosa and bone deformities also never disappear. Thus, new criteria for early parathyroidectomy are needed. Serum intact PTH higher than 10 times the upper limit of normality despite adequate calcium and calcitriol supplements, calcium-phosphorus product higher than 70(mg/dL)², ''brown tumor'' whenever a rapid regression is needed, incapacitating arthritis and/or periarthritis, and rupture of tendons are among other indications that should be considered. Care must be taken to exclude concomitant diseases such as amiloidosis and aluminum intoxication. This review intends to advise endocrinologists about the indications and timing of surgery in hyperparathyroidism due to chronic renal failure.

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          Increased risk of hip fracture among patients with end-stage renal disease.

          Although patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are at increased risk for bone loss, the risk of hip fracture in this population is not known. We compared the risk of hip fracture among dialysis patients with the general population. We used data from the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) to identify all new Caucasian dialysis patients who began dialysis between January 1, 1989, and December 31, 1996. All hip fractures occurring during this time period were ascertained. The observed number of hip fractures was compared with the expected number based on the experience of residents of Olmstead County (MN, USA). Standardized incidence ratios were calculated as the ratio between observed and expected. The risk attributable to ESRD was calculated as the difference between the observed and expected rate of hip fracture per 1000 person-years. The number of dialysis patients was 326,464 (55.9% male and 44.1% female). There were 6542 hip fractures observed during the follow-up period of 643, 831 patient years. The overall incidence of hip fracture was 7.45 per 1000 person years for males and 13.63 per 1000 person years for females. The overall relative risk for hip fracture was 4.44 (95% CI, 4.16 to 4.75) for male dialysis patients and 4.40 (95% CI, 4.17 to 4.64) for female dialysis patients compared with people of the same sex in the general population. While the age-specific relative risk of hip fracture was highest in the youngest age groups, the added risks of fracture associated with dialysis rose steadily with increasing age. The relative risk of hip fracture increased as time since first dialysis increased. The overall risk of hip fracture among Caucasian patients with ESRD is considerably higher than in the general population, independent of age and gender.
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            Hyperparathyroid and hypoparathyroid disorders.

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              Pathophysiology and recent advances in the management of renal osteodystrophy.

              Bone disease is observed in 75-100% of patients with chronic renal failure as the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) falls below 60 ml/minute. Hyperparathyroid (high turnover) bone disease is found most frequently followed by mixed osteodystrophy, low-turnover bone disease, and osteomalacia. With advancing renal impairment, "skeletal resistance" to parathyroid hormone (PTH) occurs. To maintain bone turnover, intact PTH (iPTH) targets from two to four times the upper normal range have been suggested, but whole PTH(1-84) assays indicate that amino-terminally truncated fragments, which accumulate in end-stage renal disease (ESRD), account for up to one-half of the measured iPTH. PTH levels and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP) provide some information on bone involvement but bone biopsy and histomorphometry remains the gold standard. Calcitriol and calcium salts can be used to suppress PTH and improve osteomalacia but there is growing concern that these agents predispose to the development of vascular calcification, cardiovascular morbidity, low-turnover bone disease and fracture. Newer therapeutic options include less calcemic vitamin D analogues, calcimimetics and bisphosphonates for hyperparathyroidism, and sevelamer for phosphate control. Calcitriol and hormone-replacement therapy (HRT) have been shown to maintain bone mineral density (BMD) in certain patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). After renal transplantation, renal osteodystrophy generally improves but BMD often worsens. Bisphosphonate therapy may be appropriate for some patients at risk of fracture. When renal bone disease is assessed using a combination of biochemical markers, histology and bone densitometry, early intervention and the careful use of an increasing number of effective therapies can reduce the morbidity associated with this common problem.

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                abem
                Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia
                Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab
                Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia (São Paulo )
                1677-9487
                December 2003
                : 47
                : 6
                : 644-653
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Serviços de Endocrinologia
                [2 ] Nefrologia
                Article
                S0004-27302003000600005
                10.1590/S0004-27302003000600005
                2b1f43cd-1484-4935-b7d9-32ab37220a0d

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0004-2730&lng=en
                Categories
                ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM

                Endocrinology & Diabetes
                Secondary hyperparathyroidism,Renal osteodystrophy,Parathyroidectomy,Parathyroid hormone,Hiperparatireoidismo secundário,Paratireoidectomia,Osteodistrofia renal,Paratormônio

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