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      The effects of human parvovirus VP1 unique region in a mouse model of allergic asthma

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          Abstract

          Evidence has indicated that viral infection increases the risk of developing asthma. Although the association of human parvovirus B19 (B19V) or human bocavirus (HBoV) with respiratory diseases has been reported, little is known about the influence of the B19V-VP1u and HBoV-VP1u proteins on the symptoms of asthma. Herein, we investigated the systemic influence of subcutaneously injected B19V-VP1u and HBoV-VP1u recombinant proteins in an OVA-sensitized asthmatic mouse model. A significantly higher Penh ratio and IgE level were detected in the serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and the supernatant of a lymphocyte culture from mice treated with HBoV-VP1u or B19V-VP1u than in a lymphocyte culture from OVA-sensitized mice. Significantly higher levels of serum and BALF IgE, total IgG, IgG1, OVA-specific IgE and OVA-specific IgG1 were detected in mice treated with HBoV-VP1u or B19V-VP1u than in OVA-sensitized mice. Conversely, a significantly lower IgG2a level was detected in mice from the HBoV-VP1u or B19V-VP1u groups than in mice from the OVA group. The mice treated with HBoV-VP1u or B19V-VP1u exhibited more significant lung inflammatory indices, including elevated serum and BALF IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13 levels; BALF lymphocyte, neutrophil and eosinophil counts, MMP-9 and MMP-2 activity; and the amount of lymphocyte infiltration, relative to those in the control mice or in those sensitized with OVA. These findings demonstrate that the subcutaneous injection of HBoV-VP1u or B19V-VP1u proteins in OVA-sensitized mice result in elevated asthmatic indices and suggest that human parvoviruses may increase the risk of developing airway inflammation in a mouse model of asthma.

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          Most cited references56

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          Molecular basis of epithelial barrier regulation: from basic mechanisms to clinical application.

          The intestinal epithelium is faced with the complex task of providing a barrier while also allowing nutrient and water absorption. The frequency with which these processes are disrupted in disease can be taken as evidence of their importance. It is therefore of interest to define the mechanisms of altered intestinal barrier and transport function and develop means to correct disease-associated defects. Over the past 10 years, some of the molecular events underlying physiological epithelial barrier regulation have been described. Remarkably, recent advances have shown that activation of the same mechanisms is central to barrier dysfunction in both in vitro and in vivo models of disease. Although the contribution of barrier dysfunction to pathogenesis of chronic disease remains incompletely understood, it is now clear that cytoskeletal regulation of barrier function is both an important pathogenic process and that targeted inhibition of myosin light chain kinase, which affects this cytoskeleton-dependent tight junction dysfunction, is an attractive candidate for therapeutic intervention.
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            A viral phospholipase A2 is required for parvovirus infectivity.

            Sequence analysis revealed phospholipase A2 (PLA2) motifs in capsid proteins of parvoviruses. Although PLA2 activity is not known to exist in viruses, putative PLA2s from divergent parvoviruses, human B19, porcine parvovirus, and insect GmDNV (densovirus from Galleria mellonella), can emulate catalytic properties of secreted PLA2. Mutations of critical amino acids strongly reduce both PLA2 activity and, proportionally, viral infectivity, but cell surface attachment, entry, and endocytosis by PLA2-deficient virions are not affected. PLA2 activity is critical for efficient transfer of the viral genome from late endosomes/lysosomes to the nucleus to initiate replication. These findings offer the prospect of developing PLA2 inhibitors as a new class of antiviral drugs against parvovirus infections and associated diseases.
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              Mouse models of allergic asthma: acute and chronic allergen challenge.

              Asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways; however, the underlying physiological and immunological processes are not fully understood. Animal models have been used to elucidate asthma pathophysiology, and to identify and evaluate novel therapeutic targets. Several recent review articles (Epstein, 2004; Lloyd, 2007; Boyce and Austen, 2005; Zosky and Sly, 2007) have discussed the potential value of these models. Allergen challenge models reproduce many features of clinical asthma and have been widely used by investigators; however, the majority involve acute allergen challenge procedures. It is recognised that asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease resulting from continued or intermittent allergen exposure, usually via inhalation, and there has been a recent focus on developing chronic allergen exposure models, predominantly in mice. Here, we review the acute and chronic exposure mouse models, and consider their potential role and impact in the field of asthma research.

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: Project administration
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Investigation
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: Supervision
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Methodology
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Investigation
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                14 May 2019
                2019
                : 14
                : 5
                : e0216799
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
                [2 ] Department of General Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
                [3 ] Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
                [4 ] Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
                [5 ] Rheumatic Diseases Research Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
                [6 ] School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
                [7 ] Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taiwan, R.O.C
                [8 ] Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
                [9 ] Immunology Research Center, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
                [10 ] Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
                Forschungszentrum Borstel Leibniz-Zentrum fur Medizin und Biowissenschaften, GERMANY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0140-9943
                Article
                PONE-D-18-33628
                10.1371/journal.pone.0216799
                6516678
                31086415
                2b2e7113-68b7-42a1-8a88-6ce21154c915
                © 2019 Chiang et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 23 November 2018
                : 29 April 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 1, Pages: 20
                Funding
                Funded by: Chung Shan Medical University and Chi-Mei Medical Center cooperative project
                Award ID: CSMU-CMMC-106-02 and CMCSMU10602
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004663, Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan;
                Award ID: MOST-106-2314-B040-023
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (TW)
                Award ID: 107-2314-B040-004
                Award Recipient :
                This study was supported by the Chung Shan Medical University and Chi-Mei Medical Center cooperative project under Grant [CSMU-CMMC-106-021; CMCSMU106021]; and Ministry of Science and Technology under Grant [MOST-106-2314-B040-023 and 107-2314-B040-004], Taiwan. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
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