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      The Complexity of Piroplasms Life Cycles

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          Abstract

          Although apicomplexan parasites of the group Piroplasmida represent commonly identified global risks to both animals and humans, detailed knowledge of their life cycles is surprisingly limited. Such a discrepancy results from incomplete literature reports, nomenclature disunity and recently, from large numbers of newly described species. This review intends to collate and summarize current knowledge with respect to piroplasm phylogeny. Moreover, it provides a comprehensive view of developmental events of Babesia, Theileria, and Cytauxzoon representative species, focusing on uniform consensus of three consecutive phases: (i) schizogony and merogony, asexual multiplication in blood cells of the vertebrate host; (ii) gamogony, sexual reproduction inside the tick midgut, later followed by invasion of kinetes into the tick internal tissues; and (iii) sporogony, asexual proliferation in tick salivary glands resulting in the formation of sporozoites. However, many fundamental differences in this general consensus occur and this review identifies variables that should be analyzed prior to further development of specific anti-piroplasm strategies, including the attractive targeting of life cycle stages of Babesia or Theileria tick vectors.

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          Babesiosis of cattle

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            Babesiosis: recent insights into an ancient disease.

            Ever since the discovery of parasitic inclusions in erythrocytes of cattle in Romania by Victor Babes at the end of the 19th century, newly recognised babesial pathogens continue to emerge around the world and the substantial public health impact of babesiosis on livestock and man is ongoing. Babesia are transmitted by ixodid ticks and infection of the host causes a host-mediated pathology and erythrocyte lysis, resulting in anemia, hyperbilirubinuria, hemoglobinuria, and possibly organ failure. Recently obtained molecular data, particularly for the 18S rRNA gene, has contributed significantly to a better understanding of the sometimes puzzling phylogenetic situation of the genus Babesia and new information has been added to help determine the taxonomic position of many species. Moreover, it seems that owing to higher medical awareness the number of reported cases in humans is rising steadily. Hitherto unknown zoonotic babesias are now being reported from geographical areas where babesiosis was not known to occur and the growing numbers of immunocompromised individuals suggest that the frequency of cases will continue to rise. This review covers recent insights into human babesiosis with regard to phylogeny, diagnostics and treatment in order to provide new information on well known as well as recently discovered parasites with zoonotic potential.
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              Babesia divergens, a bovine blood parasite of veterinary and zoonotic importance.

              Babesia divergens is an intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite, transmitted by the tick Ixodes ricinus, and is the main agent of bovine babesiosis in Europe. It is not only a cause of significant loss to the cattle industry; it can also infect immunocompromised humans, causing medical emergencies characterized by rapid fulmination and parasitemias that may exceed 70%. The current emphasis in Europe on sustainable agriculture and extensification is likely to lead to an increase in vector tick populations with increased risk of infection. Despite the veterinary and zoonotic importance of this parasite, relatively little research has been carried out on B. divergens, and many questions regarding the parasite's epidemiology and the host's response remain unanswered. A better understanding of the species' biology and host-parasite interactions may lead to improved control mechanisms and new trends in vaccine and antibabesial drug development. This review provides the first comprehensive summary of B. divergens biology, including its morphology, life cycle, and host specificity, and the current state of knowledge of both human and bovine infections.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Cell Infect Microbiol
                Front Cell Infect Microbiol
                Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.
                Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                2235-2988
                23 July 2018
                2018
                : 8
                : 248
                Affiliations
                [1] 1BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, Université Bretagne Loire , Nantes, France
                [2] 2Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences , České Budějovice, Czechia
                [3] 3Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia , České Budějovice, Czechia
                Author notes

                Edited by: Lilach Sheiner, Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology (WT), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom

                Reviewed by: Julius Lukes, University of South Bohemia, Czechia; Mattie Christine Pawlowic, University of Dundee, United Kingdom

                *Correspondence: Marie Jalovecka jalovecka@ 123456paru.cas.cz
                Article
                10.3389/fcimb.2018.00248
                6065256
                30083518
                2b4ea8eb-264a-4702-8f08-d6864269310e
                Copyright © 2018 Jalovecka, Hajdusek, Sojka, Kopacek and Malandrin.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 03 May 2018
                : 29 June 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 154, Pages: 12, Words: 11259
                Categories
                Cellular and Infection Microbiology
                Review

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                piroplasms,babesia,theileria,developmental cycle,merogony,gamogony,sporogony

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