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      Drug Design, Development and Therapy (submit here)

      This international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal by Dove Medical Press focuses on the design and development of drugs, as well as the clinical outcomes, patient safety, and programs targeted at the effective and safe use of medicines. Sign up for email alerts here.

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      Shensong Yangxin capsule reduces atrial fibrillation susceptibility by inhibiting atrial fibrosis in rats with post-myocardial infarction heart failure

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          Shensong Yangxin (SSYX) capsule is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been used widely to treat cardiac arrhythmia. This study aimed to assess whether SSYX prevents atrial fibrillation (AF) after chronic myocardial infarction (MI)-induced heart failure and to determine the underlying mechanisms.

          Materials and methods

          The study included 45 male Sprague Dawley rats. The rats underwent MI induction or sham surgery. One week after MI induction surgery, we performed serial echocardiography and administered SSYX capsule to some rats that experienced MI. After 4 weeks of treatment, AF inducibility was assessed with transesophageal programmed electrical stimulation technology. Additionally, multielectrode array assessment, histological analysis, and Western blot analysis were performed.

          Results

          AF inducibility was significantly lower in SSYX rats than in MI rats (33.3% vs 73.3%, P<0.05). Additionally, conduction velocities in the left atrium were greater in SSYX rats than in MI rats. Moreover, SSYX decreased left atrial fibrosis, downregulated TGF-β1, MMP-9, TIMP-I, and type I and III collagen expressions, and inhibited the differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts to myofibroblasts.

          Conclusion

          SSYX reduces AF inducibility after MI by improving left atrial conduction function via the inhibition of left atrial fibrosis. It prevents the development of an MI-induced vulnerable substrate for AF.

          Most cited references45

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          Promotion of atrial fibrillation by heart failure in dogs: atrial remodeling of a different sort.

          Danshi Li, Samir Fareh, Tack Ki Leung … (1999)
          Studies of atrial fibrillation (AF) due to atrial tachycardia have provided insights into the remodeling mechanisms by which "AF begets AF" but have not elucidated the substrate that initially supports AF before remodeling occurs. We studied the effects of congestive heart failure (CHF), an entity strongly associated with clinical AF, on atrial electrophysiology in the dog and compared the results with those in dogs subjected to rapid atrial pacing (RAP; 400 bpm) with a controlled ventricular rate (AV block plus ventricular pacemaker at 80 bpm). CHF induced by 5 weeks of rapid ventricular pacing (220 to 240 bpm) increased the duration of AF induced by burst pacing (from 8+/-4 seconds in control dogs to 535+/-82 seconds; P<0.01), similar to the effect of 1 week of RAP (713+/-300 seconds). In contrast to RAP, CHF did not alter atrial refractory period, refractoriness heterogeneity, or conduction velocity at a cycle length of 360 ms; however, CHF dogs had a substantial increase in the heterogeneity of conduction during atrial pacing (heterogeneity index in CHF dogs, 2. 76+/-0.16 versus 1.46+/-0.10 for control and 1.51+/-0.06 for RAP dogs; P<0.01) owing to discrete regions of slow conduction. Histological examination revealed extensive interstitial fibrosis (connective tissue occupying 12.8+/-1.9% of the cross-sectional area) in CHF dogs compared with control (0.8+/-0.3%) and RAP (0. 9+/-0.2%) dogs. Experimental CHF strongly promotes the induction of sustained AF by causing interstitial fibrosis that interferes with local conduction. The substrates of AF in CHF are very different from those of atrial tachycardia-related AF, with important potential implications for understanding, treating, and preventing AF related to CHF.
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            Cardiac Fibrosis in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications.

            Mikhail Dzeshka, Gregory Y. H. Lip, Viktor Snezhitskiy … (2015)
            Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with structural, electrical, and contractile remodeling of the atria. Development and progression of atrial fibrosis is the hallmark of structural remodeling in AF and is considered the substrate for AF perpetuation. In contrast, experimental and clinical data on the effect of ventricular fibrotic processes in the pathogenesis of AF and its complications are controversial. Ventricular fibrosis seems to contribute to abnormalities in cardiac relaxation and contractility and to the development of heart failure, a common finding in AF. Given that AF and heart failure frequently coexist and that both conditions affect patient prognosis, a better understanding of the mutual effect of fibrosis in AF and heart failure is of particular interest. In this review paper, we provide an overview of the general mechanisms of cardiac fibrosis in AF, differences between fibrotic processes in atria and ventricles, and the clinical and prognostic significance of cardiac fibrosis in AF.
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              Electrical remodeling of the atria in congestive heart failure: electrophysiological and electroanatomic mapping in humans.

              Jonathan Kalman, B Morton, Anthony C. Davidson … (2003)
              Atrial fibrillation (AF) frequently complicates congestive heart failure (CHF). However, the electrophysiological substrate for AF in humans with CHF remains unknown. We evaluated the electrophysiological and electroanatomic characteristics of the atria in patients with CHF. Twenty-one patients (aged 53.7+/-13.6 years) with symptomatic CHF (left ventricular ejection fraction 25.5+/-6.0%) and 21 age-matched controls were studied. The following were evaluated: effective refractory periods (ERPs) from the high and low lateral right atrium (LRA), high septal right atrium, and distal coronary sinus (CS); conduction time along the CS and LRA; corrected sinus node recovery times; P-wave duration; and conduction at the crista terminalis. In a subset, electroanatomic mapping was performed to determine atrial activation, regional conduction velocity, double potentials, fractionated electrograms, regional voltage, and areas of electrical silence. Patients with CHF demonstrated an increase in atrial ERP with no change in the heterogeneity of refractoriness, an increase of atrial conduction time along the LRA and the CS, prolongation of the P-wave duration and corrected sinus node recovery times, and greater number and duration of double potentials along the crista terminalis. Electroanatomic mapping demonstrated regional conduction slowing with a greater number of electrograms with fractionation or double potentials, associated with areas of low voltage and electrical silence (scar). Patients with CHF demonstrated an increased propensity for AF with single extrastimuli, and induced AF was more often sustained. Atrial remodeling due to CHF is characterized by structural changes, abnormalities of conduction, sinus node dysfunction, and increased refractoriness. These abnormalities may be responsible in part for the increased propensity for AF in CHF.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Drug Des Devel Ther
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Drug Des Devel Ther
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Drug Design, Development and Therapy
                Title: Drug Design, Development and Therapy
                Publisher: Dove Medical Press
                ISSN (Electronic): 1177-8881
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 October 2018
                Volume: 12
                Pages: 3407-3418
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Heart Center, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China, drlvwh@ 123456163.com , dingmd@ 123456gmail.com
                [2 ]Department of Critical-Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
                [3 ]Cardiac Department, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace Clinical College of Medicine, Beijing 100049, China, dingmd@ 123456gmail.com
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Weihui Lv, Heart Center, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 55 Neihuan Xilu, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China, Tel +86 139 2413 2258, Fax +86 020 3937 8372, Email drlvwh@ 123456163.com
                Chunhua Ding, Cardiac Department, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace Clinical College of Medicine, 15 Yuquan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100049, China, Tel +86 186 1211 7275, Fax +86 010 5997 1397, Email dingmd@ 123456gmail.com
                [*]

                These authors contributed equally to this work

                Article
                Publisher ID: dddt-12-3407
                DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S182834
                PMC ID: 6186904
                PubMed ID: 30349194
                SO-VID: 2b9ed7d3-fbd5-4c24-aebe-dbd72d7b1053
                Copyright © © 2018 Ma et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited
                License:

                The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

                History
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: shensong yangxin capsule,atrial fibrillation,fibrosis,electrophysiology,heart failure
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: shensong yangxin capsule, atrial fibrillation, fibrosis, electrophysiology, heart failure

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