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      A New 5α,8α-Epidioxysterol from the Soft Coral Sinularia gaweli

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          Abstract

          A new sterol, (22 R,23 R,24 R)-5α,8α-epidioxy-22,23-methylene-24-methyl-cholest-6,9(11)-dien-3β-ol ( 1), and two known sterols, (22 R,23 R,24 R)-5α,8α-epidioxy-22,23-methylene-24-methylcholest-6-en-3β-ol ( 2) and 24-methylenecholestane-1α,3β,5α, 6β,11α-pentol ( 3), were isolated from the soft coral Sinularia gaweli. The structure of sterol 1 was established by spectroscopic methods and by comparison of the spectral data with those of known analogues. The cytotoxicity of sterols 1– 3 towards various tumor cells is reported.

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          Feasibility of drug screening with panels of human tumor cell lines using a microculture tetrazolium assay.

          M Alley, D Scudiero, A. Monks … (1988)
          For the past 30 years strategies for the preclinical discovery and development of potential anticancer agents have been based largely upon the testing of agents in mice bearing transplantable leukemias and solid tumors derived from a limited number of murine as well as human sources. The feasibility of implementing an alternate approach, namely combined in vitro/in vivo screening for selective cytotoxicity among panels of human tumor cell lines derived from a broad spectrum of human solid tumors is under investigation. A group of 30 cell lines acquired from a variety of sources and representing 8 lung cancer pathologies as well as 76 cell lines representing 10 other categories of human cancer (carcinomas of colon, breast, kidney, prostate, ovary, head and neck; glioma; leukemia; melanoma; and sarcoma) have exhibited acceptable growth characteristics and suitable colorimetric profiles in a single, standard culture medium. Measurements of in vitro growth in microculture wells by cell-mediated reduction of tetrazolium showed excellent correlation (0.89 less than r2 less than 0.98) with measurements of cellular protein in adherent cell line cultures as well as viable cell count in suspension cell line cultures (0.94 less than r2 less than 0.99). Since the microculture tetrazolium assay provides sensitive and reproducible indices of growth as well as drug sensitivity in individual cell lines over the course of multiple passages and several months' cultivation, it appears suitable for initial-stage in vitro drug screening.
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            Marine natural products.

            John Blunt, Brent Copp, Robert A Keyzers … (2013)
            This review covers the literature published in 2011 for marine natural products, with 870 citations (558 for the period January to December 2011) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1152 for 2011), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
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              Cnidarians as a Source of New Marine Bioactive Compounds—An Overview of the Last Decade and Future Steps for Bioprospecting

              Joana Rocha-Pereira, Luísa Peixe, Newton Gomes … (2011)
              Marine invertebrates are rich sources of bioactive compounds and their biotechnological potential attracts scientific and economic interest worldwide. Although sponges are the foremost providers of marine bioactive compounds, cnidarians are also being studied with promising results. This diverse group of marine invertebrates includes over 11,000 species, 7500 of them belonging to the class Anthozoa. We present an overview of some of the most promising marine bioactive compounds from a therapeutic point of view isolated from cnidarians in the first decade of the 21st century. Anthozoan orders Alcyonacea and Gorgonacea exhibit by far the highest number of species yielding promising compounds. Antitumor activity has been the major area of interest in the screening of cnidarian compounds, the most promising ones being terpenoids (monoterpenoids, diterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids). We also discuss the future of bioprospecting for new marine bioactive compounds produced by cnidarians.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 04 March 2013
                Publication date Collection: March 2013
                Volume: 18
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 2895-2903
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology and Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; E-Mails: xyz78714@ 123456hotmail.com (W.-H.Y.); jinx6609@ 123456nmmba.gov.tw (M.-C.L.); x2219@ 123456nmmba.gov.tw (J.-H.S.); kb5634@ 123456yahoo.com.tw (Y.-H.C.)
                [2 ]National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; E-Mails: gobetter04@ 123456yahoo.com.tw (Y.-D.S.); jay0404@ 123456gmail.com (Y.-C.C.); tony_chen72001@ 123456yahoo.com.tw (Y.-H.C.)
                [3 ]Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; E-Mails: ma4949@ 123456adm.cgmh.org.tw (W.-F.C.); ma4200@ 123456adm.cgmh.org.tw (C.-H.C.)
                [4 ]Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; E-Mail: corallab@ 123456ntu.edu.tw
                [5 ]Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources and Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; E-Mails: sheu@ 123456mail.nsysu.edu.tw (J.-H.S.); shinlin@ 123456mail.nsysu.edu.tw (C.-H.L.)
                [6 ]Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
                [7 ]Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
                Author notes
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                [* ] Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: wzh@ 123456mail.nsysu.edu.tw (Z.-H.W.); pjsung@ 123456nmmba.gov.tw (P.-J.S.); Tel.: +886-7-525-2021 (Z.-H.W.); +886-8-882-5037 (P.-J.S.); Fax: +886-7-525-5020 (Z.-H.W.); +886-8-882-5087 (P.-J.S.).
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-18-02895
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules18032895
                PMC ID: 6270315
                PubMed ID: 23459300
                SO-VID: 2ba528ea-ff1c-48f7-90a2-8b59e006611a
                Copyright © © 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 05 February 2013
                Date revision received : 27 February 2013
                Date accepted : 28 February 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: sinularia,epidioxysterol,cytotoxicity
                Data availability:
                Keywords: sinularia, epidioxysterol, cytotoxicity

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