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      Immune-stimulatory and anti-inflammatory activities of Curcuma longa extract and its polysaccharide fraction

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          Abstract

          Background:

          While curcuminoids have been reported to possess diverse biological activities, the anti-inflammatory activity of polar extracts (devoid of curcuminoids) of Curcuma longa ( C. longa) has seldom been studied. In this study, we have investigated immune-stimulatory and anti-inflammatory activities of an aqueous based extract of C. longa (NR-INF-02) and its fractions in presence and absence of mitogens.

          Materials and Methods:

          Effects of NR-INF-02 (Turmacin™, Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India) on proliferation, nitric oxide (NO), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukins (ILs) and prostaglandin (PGE 2) levels of mouse splenocytes and mouse macrophage (RAW264.7) cells were determined.

          Results:

          NR-INF-02 increased splenocytes number in presence and absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or concanavalin A. Treatment of NR-INF-02 showed a significant increase of NO, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, interferon (IFN) gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and MCP-1 production in unstimulated mouse splenocytes and mouse macrophages. Interestingly, NR-INF-02 showed potent inhibitory effect towards release of PGE 2 and IL-12 levels in LPS stimulated mouse splenocytes. Further, NR-INF-02 was fractionated into polysaccharide fraction (F1) and mother liquor (F2) to study their immune-modulatory effects. F1 was found to be more potent than F2 toward inhibiting PGE 2 and IL-12 in LPS stimulated splenocytes.

          Conclusion:

          Present findings revealed the novel anti-inflammatory property of NR-INF-02 and its polysaccharide fraction by inhibiting the secretion of IL-12 and PGE 2 in vitro.

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          Most cited references32

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          "Spicing up" of the immune system by curcumin.

          Bharat B. Aggarwal, Ganesh Chandra Jagetia (2006)
          Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is an orange-yellow component of turmeric (Curcuma longa), a spice often found in curry powder. Traditionally known for its an antiinflammatory effects, curcumin has been shown in the last two decades to be a potent immunomodulatory agent that can modulate the activation of T cells, B cells, macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells. Curcumin can also downregulate the expression of various proinflammatory cytokines including TNF, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, and chemokines, most likely through inactivation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Interestingly, however, curcumin at low doses can also enhance antibody responses. This suggests that curcumin's reported beneficial effects in arthritis, allergy, asthma, atherosclerosis, heart disease, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, and cancer might be due in part to its ability to modulate the immune system. Together, these findings warrant further consideration of curcumin as a therapy for immune disorders.
          Article 0 comments Cited 133 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Activation of transcription factor NF-kappa B is suppressed by curcumin (diferuloylmethane) [corrected].

            S. Singh, Bharat B. Aggarwal (1995)
            When activated, NF-kappa B, a ubiquitous transcription factor, binds DNA as a heterodimeric complex composed of members of the Rel/NF-kappa B family of polypeptides. Because of its intimate involvement in host defense against disease, this transcription factor is an important target for therapeutic intervention. In the present report we demonstrate that curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a known anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic agent, is a potent inhibitor of NF-kappa B activation. Treatment of human myeloid ML-1a cells with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) rapidly activated NF-kappa B, which consists of p50 and p65 subunits, and this activation was inhibited by curcumin. AP-1 binding factors were also found to be down-modulated by curcumin, whereas the Sp1 binding factor was unaffected. Besides TNF, curcumin also blocked phorbol ester- and hydrogen peroxide-mediated activation of NF-kappa B. The TNF-dependent phosphorylation and degradation of I kappa B alpha was not observed in curcumin-treated cells; the translocation of p65 subunit to the nucleus was inhibited at the same time. The mechanism of action of curcumin was found to be different from that of protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors. Our results indicate that curcumin inhibits NF-kappa B activation pathway at a step before I kappa B alpha phosphorylation but after the convergence of various stimuli.
            Article 0 comments Cited 130 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Antidepressant activity of aqueous extracts of Curcuma longa in mice.

              Z.F Yu, L.D. Kong, Y. Chen (2002)
              Curcuma longa (turmeric) is a well-known indigenous herbal medicine. The aqueous extracts, when administered orally to the mice from 140 to 560 mg/kg for 14 days, were able to elicit dose-dependent relation of immobility reduction in the tail suspension test and the forced swimming test in mice. The effects of the extracts at the dose of 560 mg/kg were more potent than that of reference antidepressant fluoxetine. The extracts, at the dose of 140 mg/kg or above for 14 days, significantly inhibited the monoamine oxidize A (MAO) activity in mouse whole brain at a dose-dependent manner, however, oral administration of the extract only at a dose of 560 mg/kg produced observable MAO B inhibitory activity in animal brain. Fluoxetine showed only a tendency to inhibit MAO A and B activity in animal brain in the study. Neither the extracts of C. longa nor fluoxetine, at the doses tested, produced significant effects on locomotor activity. These results demonstrated that C. longa had specifically antidepressant effects in vivo. The activity of C. longa in antidepression may mediated in part through MAO A inhibition in mouse brain.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Pharmacognosy Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Pharmacognosy Res
                Journal ID (publisher-id): PR
                Title: Pharmacognosy Research
                Publisher: Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                ISSN (Print): 0976-4836
                ISSN (Electronic): 0974-8490
                Publication date (Print): Apr-Jun 2013
                Volume: 5
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 71-79
                Affiliations
                [1] R and D Centre, Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Dr. Chandrasekaran CV, Plot No. 5B, Veerasandra Indl Area, 19 th K.M. Stone, Hosur Road, Bangalore - 560 100, Karnataka, India. E-mail: cvc@ 123456naturalremedy.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: PR-5-71
                DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.110527
                PMC ID: 3685767
                PubMed ID: 23798880
                SO-VID: 2bc79621-e3ec-4ac5-83b4-58d24b5d6a3a
                Copyright © Copyright: © Pharmacognosy Research
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 09 December 2012
                Date revision received : 05 January 2013
                Date accepted : 15 April 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: curcuma longa,immunomodulation,inflammation,pain,polysaccharides,turmacin™
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: curcuma longa, immunomodulation, inflammation, pain, polysaccharides, turmacin™

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