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      Stroke Risk Factors, Genetics, and Prevention

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          Abstract

          Stroke is a heterogeneous syndrome, and determining risk factors and treatment depends on the specific pathogenesis of stroke. Risk factors for stroke can be categorized as modifiable and nonmodifiable. Age, sex, and race/ethnicity are nonmodifiable risk factors for both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, while hypertension, smoking, diet, and physical inactivity are among some of the more commonly reported modifiable risk factors. More recently described risk factors and triggers of stroke include inflammatory disorders, infection, pollution, and cardiac atrial disorders independent of atrial fibrillation. Single-gene disorders may cause rare, hereditary disorders for which stroke is a primary manifestation. Recent research also suggests that common and rare genetic polymorphisms can influence risk of more common causes of stroke, due to both other risk factors and specific stroke mechanisms, such as atrial fibrillation. Genetic factors, particularly those with environmental interactions, may be more modifiable than previously recognized. Stroke prevention has generally focused on modifiable risk factors. Lifestyle and behavioral modification, such as dietary changes or smoking cessation, not only reduces stroke risk, but also reduces the risk of other cardiovascular diseases. Other prevention strategies include identifying and treating medical conditions, such as hypertension and diabetes, that increase stroke risk. Recent research into risk factors and genetics of stroke has not only identified those at risk for stroke but also identified ways to target at-risk populations for stroke prevention.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          0047103
          2974
          Circ Res
          Circ. Res.
          Circulation research
          0009-7330
          1524-4571
          12 January 2017
          03 February 2017
          03 February 2018
          : 120
          : 3
          : 472-495
          Affiliations
          [1 ]Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
          [2 ]Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
          Author notes
          Address for correspondence: Mitchell S. Elkind, MD, Neurological Institute, 710 West 168 th Street, New York, NY 10032, Tel: 212 305-1710; Fax: 212 305-1658
          Article
          PMC5321635 PMC5321635 5321635 nihpa842033
          10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308398
          5321635
          28154098
          2bcbf69d-2630-4423-aa6b-e1c721c15447
          History
          Categories
          Article

          cerebrovascular disorders,stroke,transient ischemic attack,risk factors,epidemiology

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