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      Cáncer diferenciado de tiroides y gestación Translated title: Differentiated thyroid cancer and pregnancy

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN: Introducción y objetivo: el presente trabajo de revisión pretende valorar la influencia mutua que puedan tener la gestación sobre la progresión del carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides así como la influencia que el carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides pueda tener sobre la gestación. Síntesis: El cáncer de tiroides aparece con frecuencia en mujeres en edad reproductiva y durante el embarazo. Dado que la presentación más común es en forma de nódulo tiroideo, el manejo adecuado de esta patología constituye una prioridad durante la gestación. La ecografía tiroidea y la PAAF guiada por ecografía son herramientas fundamentales tanto para el correcto diagnóstico como para el seguimiento de los nódulos tiroideos. Además, el carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides puede presentarse durante el embarazo en al menos tres escenarios diferentes (recién diagnosticado, microcarcinoma papilar de tiroides bajo vigilancia activa y carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides tratado previamente antes del embarazo) que deben abordarse de distintas maneras. Por lo general, el embarazo no presenta ningún riesgo adicional para el pronóstico de los carcinomas diferenciados de tiroides. Además, el carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides no parece tener una influencia negativa en la progresión del embarazo ni para la madre ni para el feto. El tratamiento de elección de los carcinomas de nueva aparición es la cirugía, que debe posponerse hasta después del parto siempre que sea posible o realizarse en el segundo trimestre en los casos más agresivos. Los microcarcinomas papilares no parecen estar significativamente influenciados por el embarazo y no requieren un seguimiento especial durante la gestación. Para los carcinomas tratados previamente, el embarazo tampoco empeora el pronóstico en la mayoría de los casos. Solo aquellos clasificados como de respuesta estructural incompleta requieren especial atención en su seguimiento. El tratamiento con las dosis correctas de levotiroxina para conseguir los niveles de TSH más adecuados a la situación de riesgo, constituye otro de los pilares fundamentales en el manejo del carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides. Finalmente, el tratamiento con I-131, si fuera necesario, está formalmente contraindicado durante el embarazo y la lactancia.

          Translated abstract

          SUMMARY: Introduction and objective: The present review work aims to assess the mutual influence that pregnancy may have on the progression of differentiated thyroid carcinoma as well as the influence that differentiated thyroid carcinoma may have on pregnancy. Synthesis: Thyroid cancer appears frequently in women at reproductive age and during pregnancy. Since the most common presentation is as a thyroid nodule, proper management of this condition constitutes a priority while pregnancy. Thyroid ultrasound and ultrasound guided FNA are fundamental tools for both correct diagnosis and monitoring thyroid nodules. Also, differentiated thyroid carcinoma can happen during pregnancy in at least three different settings (newly diagnosed, papillary thyroid microcarcinoma under active surveillance, and differentiated thyroid carcinoma previously treated before pregnancy) that must be approached in different ways. Usually, pregnancy does not present any additional risk for the prognosis of differentiated thyroid carcinomas. Furthermore, differentiated thyroid carcinoma does not appear to have a negative influence on the progression of pregnancy for either the mother or the fetus. The treatment of choice for new-onset carcinomas is surgery, which should be postponed after delivery whenever possible or carried out in the second trimester in the most aggressive cases. Papillary microcarcinomas do not appear to be significantly influenced by pregnancy and do not require special monitoring during gestation. For previously treated carcinomas, pregnancy does not worsen the prognosis in most cases either. Only those classified as having an incomplete structural response require special attention in their follow-up. Treatment with the appropriate doses of levothyroxine to achieve the most appropriate TSH levels for the risk situation is another of the fundamental cornerstones in the management of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Finally, treatment with I-131, if necessary, is formally contraindicated during pregnancy and lactation.

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          Most cited references53

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          ACR Thyroid Imaging, Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS): White Paper of the ACR TI-RADS Committee.

          Thyroid nodules are a frequent finding on neck sonography. Most nodules are benign; therefore, many nodules are biopsied to identify the small number that are malignant or require surgery for a definitive diagnosis. Since 2009, many professional societies and investigators have proposed ultrasound-based risk stratification systems to identify nodules that warrant biopsy or sonographic follow-up. Because some of these systems were founded on the BI-RADS(®) classification that is widely used in breast imaging, their authors chose to apply the acronym TI-RADS, for Thyroid Imaging, Reporting and Data System. In 2012, the ACR convened committees to (1) provide recommendations for reporting incidental thyroid nodules, (2) develop a set of standard terms (lexicon) for ultrasound reporting, and (3) propose a TI-RADS on the basis of the lexicon. The committees published the results of the first two efforts in 2015. In this article, the authors present the ACR TI-RADS Committee's recommendations, which provide guidance regarding management of thyroid nodules on the basis of their ultrasound appearance. The authors also describe the committee's future directions.
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            2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and the Postpartum.

            Thyroid disease in pregnancy is a common clinical problem. Since the guidelines for the management of these disorders by the American Thyroid Association (ATA) were first published in 2011, significant clinical and scientific advances have occurred in the field. The aim of these guidelines is to inform clinicians, patients, researchers, and health policy makers on published evidence relating to the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease in women during pregnancy, preconception, and the postpartum period.
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              Obesity and Cancer Mechanisms: Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation

              Purpose There is growing evidence that inflammation is a central and reversible mechanism through which obesity promotes cancer risk and progression. Methods We review recent findings regarding obesity-associated alterations in the microenvironment and the local and systemic mechanisms through which these changes support tumor growth. Results Locally, hyperadiposity is associated with altered adipose tissue function, adipocyte death, and chronic low-grade inflammation. Most individuals who are obese harbor inflamed adipose tissue, which resembles chronically injured tissue, with immune cell infiltration and remodeling. Within this distinctly altered local environment, several pathophysiologic changes are found that may promote breast and other cancers. Consistently, adipose tissue inflammation is associated with a worse prognosis in patients with breast and tongue cancers. Systemically, the metabolic syndrome, including dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, occurs in the setting of adipose inflammation and operates in concert with local mechanisms to sustain the inflamed microenvironment and promote tumor growth. Importantly, adipose inflammation and its protumor consequences can be found in some individuals who are not considered to be obese or overweight by body mass index. Conclusion The tumor-promoting effects of obesity occur at the local level via adipose inflammation and associated alterations in the microenvironment, as well as systemically via circulating metabolic and inflammatory mediators associated with adipose inflammation. Accurately characterizing the obese state and identifying patients at increased risk for cancer development and progression will likely require more precise assessments than body mass index alone. Biomarkers of adipose tissue inflammation would help to identify high-risk populations. Moreover, adipose inflammation is a reversible process and represents a novel therapeutic target that warrants further study to break the obesity-cancer link.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                orl
                Revista ORL
                Rev. ORL
                Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca (Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain )
                2444-7986
                December 2021
                : 12
                : 4
                : 283-302
                Affiliations
                [1] orgnameComplejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca (CAUSA) orgdiv1Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición España
                [2] orgnameGerencia de Atención Primaria de Salamanca España
                Article
                S2444-79862021000400002 S2444-7986(21)01200400002
                10.14201/orl.23818
                2c357521-199d-4e62-b1dd-9e4265b5cd5c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 13 August 2020
                : 28 September 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 55, Pages: 20
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Artículo de revisión

                carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides,differentiated thyroid carcinoma,pregnancy,thyroid nodule,papillary thyroid microcarcinoma,thyroid surgery,gestación,nódulo tiroideo,microcarcinoma papilar de tiroides,cirugía tiroidea

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