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      Comentario del CEIPV a las nuevas guías europeas de prevención cardiovascular 2021 Translated title: Statement of the Spanish interdisciplinary vascular prevention committee on the updated European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention 2021

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      , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
      Angiología
      Arán Ediciones S.L.
      Prevention and control, Vascular diseases, Clinical practice guidelines, Healthy diet, Arterial hypertension, Diabetes, Lipid control, Smoking, Cardiovascular risk, Prevención y control, Enfermedades vasculares, Guías de práctica clínicas, Dieta saludable, Hipertensión arterial, Diabetes, Control de lípidos, Tabaquismo, Riesgo cardiovascular

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          Abstract

          Resumen Presentamos la adaptación española de las guías europeas de prevención cardiovascular de 2021. En esta actualización, además del abordaje individual, se pone mucho más énfasis en las políticas sanitarias como estrategia de prevención poblacional. Se recomienda el cálculo del riesgo vascular de manera sistemática a todas las personas adultas con algún factor de riesgo vascular. Los objetivos terapéuticos para el colesterol LDL, la presión arterial y la glucemia no han cambiado respecto a las anteriores guías, pero se recomienda alcanzar estos objetivos de forma escalonada (etapas 1 y 2). Se recomienda llegar siempre hasta la etapa 2. La intensificación del tratamiento dependerá del riesgo a los 10 años y de por vida, del beneficio del tratamiento, de las comorbilidades, de la fragilidad y de las preferencias de los pacientes. Las guías presentan por primera vez un nuevo modelo (SCORE2 y SCORE2-OP) para calcular el riesgo de morbimortalidad vascular en 10 años (infarto de miocardio, ictus y mortalidad vascular) en hombres y mujeres de entre 40 y 89 años. Otra de las novedades sustanciales es el establecimiento de diferentes umbrales de riesgo dependiendo de la edad (< 50, 50-69 y ≥ 70 años). Se presentan diferentes algoritmos de cálculo del riesgo vascular y del tratamiento de los factores de riesgo vascular para personas aparentemente sanas, pacientes con diabetes y pacientes con enfermedad vascular aterosclerótica. Los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica se considerarán de riesgo alto o muy alto, según la tasa del filtrado glomerular y el cociente albúmina/creatinina. Se incluyen innovaciones en las recomendaciones sobre los estilos de vida, adaptadas a las recomendaciones del Ministerio de Sanidad, así como aspectos novedosos relacionados con el control de los lípidos, la presión arterial, la diabetes y la insuficiencia renal crónica.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract We present the Spanish adaptation of the 2021 European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) prevention in clinical practice. The current guidelines besides the individual approach greatly emphasize on the importance of population level approaches to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Systematic global CVD risk assessment is recommended in individuals with any major vascular risk factor. Regarding LDL-Cholesterol, blood pressure, and glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus, goals and targets remain as recommended in previous guidelines. However, it is proposed a new, stepwise approach (Step 1 and 2) to treatment intensification as a tool to help physicians and patients pursue these targets in a way that fits patient profile. After Step 1, considering proceeding to the intensified goals of Step 2 is mandatory, and this intensification will be based on 10-year CVD risk, lifetime CVD risk and treatment benefit, comorbidities and patient preferences. The updated SCORE algorithm (SCORE2 and SCORE-OP) is recommended in these guidelines, which estimates an individual's 10-year risk of fatal and non-fatal CVD events (myocardial infarction, stroke) in healthy men and women aged 40-89 years. Another new and important recommendation is the use of different categories of risk according different age groups (< 50, 50-69, ≥ 70 years). Different flow charts of CVD risk and risk factor treatment in apparently healthy persons, in patients with established atherosclerotic CVD, and in diabetic patients are recommended. Patients with chronic kidney disease are considered high risk or very high-risk patients according to the levels of glomerular filtration rate and albumin-to-creatinine ratio. New lifestyle recommendations adapted to the ones published by the Spanish Ministry of Health as well as recommendations focused on the management of lipids, blood pressure, diabetes and chronic renal failure are included.

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          Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review.

          Suboptimal nutrition is a leading cause of poor health. Nutrition and policy science have advanced rapidly, creating confusion yet also providing powerful opportunities to reduce the adverse health and economic impacts of poor diets. This review considers the history, new evidence, controversies, and corresponding lessons for modern dietary and policy priorities for cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. Major identified themes include the importance of evaluating the full diversity of diet-related risk pathways, not only blood lipids or obesity; focusing on foods and overall diet patterns, rather than single isolated nutrients; recognizing the complex influences of different foods on long-term weight regulation, rather than simply counting calories; and characterizing and implementing evidence-based strategies, including policy approaches, for lifestyle change. Evidence-informed dietary priorities include increased fruits, nonstarchy vegetables, nuts, legumes, fish, vegetable oils, yogurt, and minimally processed whole grains; and fewer red meats, processed (eg, sodium-preserved) meats, and foods rich in refined grains, starch, added sugars, salt, and trans fat. More investigation is needed on the cardiometabolic effects of phenolics, dairy fat, probiotics, fermentation, coffee, tea, cocoa, eggs, specific vegetable and tropical oils, vitamin D, individual fatty acids, and diet-microbiome interactions. Little evidence to date supports the cardiometabolic relevance of other popular priorities: eg, local, organic, grass-fed, farmed/wild, or non-genetically modified. Evidence-based personalized nutrition appears to depend more on nongenetic characteristics (eg, physical activity, abdominal adiposity, gender, socioeconomic status, culture) than genetic factors. Food choices must be strongly supported by clinical behavior change efforts, health systems reforms, novel technologies, and robust policy strategies targeting economic incentives, schools and workplaces, neighborhood environments, and the food system. Scientific advances provide crucial new insights on optimal targets and best practices to reduce the burdens of diet-related cardiometabolic diseases.
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            SCORE2 risk prediction algorithms: new models to estimate 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease in Europe

            Aims The aim of this study was to develop, validate, and illustrate an updated prediction model (SCORE2) to estimate 10-year fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in individuals without previous CVD or diabetes aged 40–69 years in Europe. Methods and results We derived risk prediction models using individual-participant data from 45 cohorts in 13 countries (677 684 individuals, 30 121 CVD events). We used sex-specific and competing risk-adjusted models, including age, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, and total- and HDL-cholesterol. We defined four risk regions in Europe according to country-specific CVD mortality, recalibrating models to each region using expected incidences and risk factor distributions. Region-specific incidence was estimated using CVD mortality and incidence data on 10 776 466 individuals. For external validation, we analysed data from 25 additional cohorts in 15 European countries (1 133 181 individuals, 43 492 CVD events). After applying the derived risk prediction models to external validation cohorts, C-indices ranged from 0.67 (0.65–0.68) to 0.81 (0.76–0.86). Predicted CVD risk varied several-fold across European regions. For example, the estimated 10-year CVD risk for a 50-year-old smoker, with a systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg, total cholesterol of 5.5 mmol/L, and HDL-cholesterol of 1.3 mmol/L, ranged from 5.9% for men in low-risk countries to 14.0% for men in very high-risk countries, and from 4.2% for women in low-risk countries to 13.7% for women in very high-risk countries. Conclusion SCORE2—a new algorithm derived, calibrated, and validated to predict 10-year risk of first-onset CVD in European populations—enhances the identification of individuals at higher risk of developing CVD across Europe.
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              Sick individuals and sick populations.

              Aetiology confronts two distinct issues: the determinants of individual cases, and the determinants of incidence rate. If exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect it: they will only identify markers of susceptibility. The corresponding strategies in control are the 'high-risk' approach, which seeks to protect susceptible individuals, and the population approach, which seeks to control the causes of incidence. The two approaches are not usually in competition, but the prior concern should always be to discover and control the causes of incidence.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                angiologia
                Angiología
                Angiología
                Arán Ediciones S.L. (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0003-3170
                1695-2987
                October 2022
                : 74
                : 5
                : 237-248
                Affiliations
                [11] Madrid orgnameMinisterio de Sanidad Spain
                [7] Barcelona orgnameSociedad Española de Epidemiología Spain
                [5] Madrid orgnameAsociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria Spain
                [12] Madrid orgnameSociedad Española de Medicina y Seguridad del Trabajo Spain
                [16] Madrid orgnameSociedad Española de Hipertensión-Liga Española para la Lucha contra la Hipertensión Arterial Spain
                [6] Madrid orgnameSociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria (SEMERGEN) Spain
                [1] Barcelona orgnameSociedad Española de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria (semFYC) Spain
                [2] Madrid orgnameSociedad Española de Medicina Interna Spain
                [9] Madrid orgnameSociedad Española de Diabetes Spain
                [3] Barcelona orgnameSociedad Española de Neurología Spain
                [14] Madrid orgnameInstituto de Salud Carlos III Spain
                [10] Madrid orgnameFederación de Asociaciones de Enfermería Comunitaria y Atención Primaria (FAECAP) Spain
                [13] Barcelona orgnameSociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis Spain
                [8] Santander orgnameSociedad Española de Nefrología Spain
                [4] Madrid orgnameSociedad Española de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular Spain
                [15] Barcelona orgnameSociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria (SESPAS) Spain
                Article
                S0003-31702022000500006 S0003-3170(22)07400500006
                10.20960/angiologia.00411
                2c37a1df-d6ab-4d7d-9c26-65f580ec7fa8

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 04 March 2022
                : 04 March 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 26, Pages: 12
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                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Artículos Especiales

                Tabaquismo,Riesgo cardiovascular,Prevention and control,Vascular diseases,Clinical practice guidelines,Healthy diet,Arterial hypertension,Diabetes,Lipid control,Smoking,Cardiovascular risk,Prevención y control,Enfermedades vasculares,Guías de práctica clínicas,Dieta saludable,Hipertensión arterial,Control de lípidos

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