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      Genomic content of chemosensory genes correlates with host range in wood-boring beetles ( Dendroctonus ponderosae, Agrilus planipennis, and Anoplophora glabripennis)

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          Abstract

          Background

          Olfaction and gustation underlie behaviors that are crucial for insect fitness, such as host and mate selection. The detection of semiochemicals is mediated via proteins from large and rapidly evolving chemosensory gene families; however, the links between a species’ ecology and the diversification of these genes remain poorly understood. Hence, we annotated the chemosensory genes from genomes of select wood-boring coleopterans, and compared the gene repertoires from stenophagous species with those from polyphagous species.

          Results

          We annotated 86 odorant receptors (ORs), 60 gustatory receptors (GRs), 57 ionotropic receptors (IRs), 4 sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs), 36 odorant binding proteins (OBPs), and 11 chemosensory proteins (CSPs) in the mountain pine beetle ( Dendroctonus ponderosae), and 47 ORs, 30 GRs, 31 IRs, 4 SNMPs, 12 OBPs, and 14 CSPs in the emerald ash borer ( Agrilus planipennis). Four SNMPs and 17 CSPs were annotated in the polyphagous wood-borer Anoplophora glabripennis. The gene repertoires in the stenophagous D. ponderosae and A. planipennis are reduced compared with those in the polyphagous A. glabripennis and T. castaneum, which is largely manifested through small gene lineage expansions and entire lineage losses. Alternative splicing of GR genes was limited in D. ponderosae and apparently absent in A. planipennis, which also seems to have lost one carbon dioxide receptor (GR1). A. planipennis has two SNMPs, which are related to SNMP3 in T. castaneum. D. ponderosae has two alternatively spliced OBP genes, a novel OBP “tetramer”, and as many as eleven IR75 members . Simple orthology was generally rare in beetles; however, we found one clade with orthologues of putative bitter-taste GRs (named the “GR215 clade”), and conservation of IR60a from Drosophila melanogaster.

          Conclusions

          Our genome annotations represent important quantitative and qualitative improvements of the original datasets derived from transcriptomes of D. ponderosae and A. planipennis, facilitating evolutionary analysis of chemosensory genes in the Coleoptera where only a few genomes were previously annotated. Our analysis suggests a correlation between chemosensory gene content and host specificity in beetles. Future studies should include additional species to consolidate this correlation, and functionally characterize identified proteins as an important step towards improved control of these pests.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-6054-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references67

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          Insect olfactory receptors are heteromeric ligand-gated ion channels.

          In insects, each olfactory sensory neuron expresses between one and three ligand-binding members of the olfactory receptor (OR) gene family, along with the highly conserved and broadly expressed Or83b co-receptor. The functional insect OR consists of a heteromeric complex of unknown stoichiometry but comprising at least one variable odorant-binding subunit and one constant Or83b family subunit. Insect ORs lack homology to G-protein-coupled chemosensory receptors in vertebrates and possess a distinct seven-transmembrane topology with the amino terminus located intracellularly. Here we provide evidence that heteromeric insect ORs comprise a new class of ligand-activated non-selective cation channels. Heterologous cells expressing silkmoth, fruitfly or mosquito heteromeric OR complexes showed extracellular Ca2+ influx and cation-non-selective ion conductance on stimulation with odorant. Odour-evoked OR currents are independent of known G-protein-coupled second messenger pathways. The fast response kinetics and OR-subunit-dependent K+ ion selectivity of the insect OR complex support the hypothesis that the complex between OR and Or83b itself confers channel activity. Direct evidence for odorant-gated channels was obtained by outside-out patch-clamp recording of Xenopus oocyte and HEK293T cell membranes expressing insect OR complexes. The ligand-gated ion channel formed by an insect OR complex seems to be the basis for a unique strategy that insects have acquired to respond to the olfactory environment.
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            A comprehensive phylogeny of beetles reveals the evolutionary origins of a superradiation.

            Beetles represent almost one-fourth of all described species, and knowledge about their relationships and evolution adds to our understanding of biodiversity. We performed a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Coleoptera inferred from three genes and nearly 1900 species, representing more than 80% of the world's recognized beetle families. We defined basal relationships in the Polyphaga supergroup, which contains over 300,000 species, and established five families as the earliest branching lineages. By dating the phylogeny, we found that the success of beetles is explained neither by exceptional net diversification rates nor by a predominant role of herbivory and the Cretaceous rise of angiosperms. Instead, the pre-Cretaceous origin of more than 100 present-day lineages suggests that beetle species richness is due to high survival of lineages and sustained diversification in a variety of niches.
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              Drosophila odorant receptors are both ligand-gated and cyclic-nucleotide-activated cation channels.

              From worm to man, many odorant signals are perceived by the binding of volatile ligands to odorant receptors that belong to the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. They couple to heterotrimeric G-proteins, most of which induce cAMP production. This second messenger then activates cyclic-nucleotide-gated ion channels to depolarize the olfactory receptor neuron, thus providing a signal for further neuronal processing. Recent findings, however, have challenged this concept of odorant signal transduction in insects, because their odorant receptors, which lack any sequence similarity to other GPCRs, are composed of conventional odorant receptors (for example, Or22a), dimerized with a ubiquitously expressed chaperone protein, such as Or83b in Drosophila. Or83b has a structure akin to GPCRs, but has an inverted orientation in the plasma membrane. However, G proteins are expressed in insect olfactory receptor neurons, and olfactory perception is modified by mutations affecting the cAMP transduction pathway. Here we show that application of odorants to mammalian cells co-expressing Or22a and Or83b results in non-selective cation currents activated by means of an ionotropic and a metabotropic pathway, and a subsequent increase in the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. Expression of Or83b alone leads to functional ion channels not directly responding to odorants, but being directly activated by intracellular cAMP or cGMP. Insect odorant receptors thus form ligand-gated channels as well as complexes of odorant-sensing units and cyclic-nucleotide-activated non-selective cation channels. Thereby, they provide rapid and transient as well as sensitive and prolonged odorant signalling.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                +46-462229344 , martin_n.andersson@biol.lu.se
                christopher.keeling@canada.ca
                mitchellr@uwosh.edu
                Journal
                BMC Genomics
                BMC Genomics
                BMC Genomics
                BioMed Central (London )
                1471-2164
                2 September 2019
                2 September 2019
                2019
                : 20
                : 690
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0930 2361, GRID grid.4514.4, Department of Biology, , Lund University, ; Sölvegatan 37, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0775 5922, GRID grid.146611.5, Laurentian Forestry Centre, , Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, ; 1055 rue du P.E.P.S, Stn. Sainte-Foy, P.O. Box 10380, Québec, QC G1V 4C7 Canada
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8390, GRID grid.23856.3a, Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Faculté des sciences et de génie, , Université Laval, pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, ; 1045, av. de la Médecine, local 3428, Québec, QC G1V 0A6 Canada
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0674 4543, GRID grid.267474.4, Department of Biology, , University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, ; Oshkosh, WI 54901 USA
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9807-8524
                Article
                6054
                10.1186/s12864-019-6054-x
                6720082
                31477011
                2c729f7d-52f3-43a8-b27f-6ebbcda8ccaa
                © The Author(s). 2019

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 2 July 2019
                : 21 August 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001862, Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas;
                Award ID: 217-2014-689
                Award ID: 2018-01444
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Genetics
                coleoptera,odorant receptor,ionotropic receptor,gustatory receptor,odorant binding protein,chemosensory protein,sensory neuron membrane protein,host specificity,pest insect

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