Potential biomarkers in psychiatry: focus on the cholesterol system

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Abstract

Measuring biomarkers to identify and assess illness is a strategy growing in popularity and relevance. Although already in clinical use for treating and predicting cancer, no biological measurement is used clinically for any psychiatric disorder. Biomarkers could predict the course of a medical problem, and aid in determining how and when to treat. Several studies have indicated that of candidate psychiatric biomarkers detected using proteomic techniques, cholesterol and associated proteins, specifically apolipoproteins (Apos), may be of interest. Cholesterol is necessary for brain development and its synthesis continues at a lower rate in the adult brain. Apos are the protein component of lipoproteins responsible for lipid transport. There is extensive evidence that the levels of cholesterol and Apos may be disturbed in psychiatric disorders, including autistic spectrum disorders (ASD). Here, we describe putative serum biomarkers for psychiatric disorders, and the role of cholesterol and Apos in central nervous system (CNS) disorders.

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Stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture, SILAC, as a simple and accurate approach to expression proteomics.

Shao-En Ong, Blagoy Blagoev, Irina Kratchmarova … (2002)

Quantitative proteomics has traditionally been performed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, but recently, mass spectrometric methods based on stable isotope quantitation have shown great promise for the simultaneous and automated identification and quantitation of complex protein mixtures. Here we describe a method, termed SILAC, for stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture, for the in vivo incorporation of specific amino acids into all mammalian proteins. Mammalian cell lines are grown in media lacking a standard essential amino acid but supplemented with a non-radioactive, isotopically labeled form of that amino acid, in this case deuterated leucine (Leu-d3). We find that growth of cells maintained in these media is no different from growth in normal media as evidenced by cell morphology, doubling time, and ability to differentiate. Complete incorporation of Leu-d3 occurred after five doublings in the cell lines and proteins studied. Protein populations from experimental and control samples are mixed directly after harvesting, and mass spectrometric identification is straightforward as every leucine-containing peptide incorporates either all normal leucine or all Leu-d3. We have applied this technique to the relative quantitation of changes in protein expression during the process of muscle cell differentiation. Proteins that were found to be up-regulated during this process include glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, fibronectin, and pyruvate kinase M2. SILAC is a simple, inexpensive, and accurate procedure that can be used as a quantitative proteomic approach in any cell culture system.

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S P Gygi, B Rist, S Gerber … (1999)

We describe an approach for the accurate quantification and concurrent sequence identification of the individual proteins within complex mixtures. The method is based on a class of new chemical reagents termed isotope-coded affinity tags (ICATs) and tandem mass spectrometry. Using this strategy, we compared protein expression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, using either ethanol or galactose as a carbon source. The measured differences in protein expression correlated with known yeast metabolic function under glucose-repressed conditions. The method is redundant if multiple cysteinyl residues are present, and the relative quantification is highly accurate because it is based on stable isotope dilution techniques. The ICAT approach should provide a widely applicable means to compare quantitatively global protein expression in cells and tissues.

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Apolipoprotein E: high-avidity binding to beta-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial Alzheimer disease.

W J Strittmatter, A Saunders, D Schmechel … (1993)

Apolipoprotein E is immunochemically localized to the senile plaques, vascular amyloid, and neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer disease. In vitro, apolipoprotein E in cerebrospinal fluid binds to synthetic beta A4 peptide (the primary constituent of the senile plaque) with high avidity. Amino acids 12-28 of the beta A4 peptide are required. The gene for apolipoprotein E is located on chromosome 19q13.2, within the region previously associated with linkage of late-onset familial Alzheimer disease. Analysis of apolipoprotein E alleles in Alzheimer disease and controls demonstrated that there was a highly significant association of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele (APOE-epsilon 4) and late-onset familial Alzheimer disease. The allele frequency of the APOE-epsilon 4 in 30 random affected patients, each from a different Alzheimer disease family, was 0.50 +/- 0.06; the allele frequency of APOE-epsilon 4 in 91 age-matched unrelated controls was 0.16 +/- 0.03 (Z = 2.44, P = 0.014). A functional role of the apolipoprotein E-E4 isoform in the pathogenesis of late-onset familial Alzheimer disease is suggested.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Cell Mol Med

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J. Cell. Mol. Med

Journal ID (publisher-id): jcmm

Title: Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine

Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd (Oxford, UK )

ISSN (Print): 1582-1838

ISSN (Electronic): 1582-4934

Publication date (Print): June 2012

Publication date (Electronic): 28 May 2012

Volume: 16

Issue: 6

Pages: 1184-1195

Affiliations

[a ]Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science Biochemistry & Proteomics Group Clarkson University Potsdam, NY, USA

[b ]Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy University of Würzburg Germany

[c ]Academic Unit of Psychiatry Institute of Life Science School of Medicine Swansea University Swansea, UK

[d ]Department of Psychiatry University of Rostock Rostock, Germany

Author notes

*Correspondence to: Prof. Alisa G. WOODS Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Box 5810, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA. Tel.: (315) 268-7763 Fax: (315) 268-6610 E-mail: awoods@ 123456clarkson.edu

Article

DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01543.x

PMC ID: 3823072

PubMed ID: 22304330

SO-VID: 2c8f60eb-fa6a-4fca-bffe-271a9cf528bb

History

Date received : 01 November 2011

Date accepted : 03 February 2012

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Potential biomarkers in psychiatry: focus on the cholesterol system

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Most cited references 125

Stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture, SILAC, as a simple and accurate approach to expression proteomics.

Quantitative analysis of complex protein mixtures using isotope-coded affinity tags.

Apolipoprotein E: high-avidity binding to beta-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial Alzheimer disease.

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