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      Psychomotor and visual skills underlying position specialization in 1352 elite youth baseball players

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      1 , 2 , 3 , 3 , * ,
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          Abstract

          Baseball is an international sport with participation from tens of thousands of people worldwide. In the United States, the Prospect Development Pipeline (PDP) is a collaborative effort between Major League Baseball and USA Baseball to establish a developmental pipeline leading to the professional draft. Players participating in the PDP undergo comprehensive evaluations that measure athletic performance, speed-of-processing, visual function, and on-field talent. The present study evaluated data from 1352 elite junior male PDP participants (aged 14 to 21) who signed informed consent, collected between 2017 and 2020, to identify latent abilities and their association with player specialization. Data were first subjected to Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) to reduce the 22 measured variables to a smaller set of latent abilities. The resulting factors were evaluated using multiple linear regression to predict each factor using age, height, weight, and position. EFA revealed a combination of physical and psychomotor skills accounting for 52% of the overall variance that grouped into four abilities: grip strength, functional vision, explosiveness, and rapid decision-making. Regression analyses demonstrated that these skills are associated with position assignments, controlling for age, weight, and height, and revealed that outfielders are the most explosive, infielders perform best on psychomotor measures, and catchers perform best on functional vision tests (ps < 0.001). These findings indicate skills that contribute to player specialization, providing new information about the developmental trajectory of junior elite baseball athletes that can be used for scouting and player development.

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          Most cited references31

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          Frequency of everyday pro-environmental behaviour is explained by baseline activation in lateral prefrontal cortex

          Humankind faces a plethora of environmental problems, many of which are directly influenced by individual human behaviour. To better understand pro-environmental behaviour, we here try to identify interindividual markers that explain variance in the frequency of every-day pro-environmental behaviour. So far, research on this topic has mainly relied on subjective self-report measures and has yielded mixed results. In this study, we applied a neural trait approach to assess stable, objective individual differences. Using source-localised electroencephalography, we measured cortical activation at rest and combined our neural task-independent data with an ecologically valid assessment of everyday pro-environmental behaviour. We find whole-brain-corrected evidence that task-independent baseline activation in the right lateral prefrontal cortex, a brain area known to be involved in cognitive control and self-control processes, explains individual differences in pro-environmental behaviour. The higher the cortical baseline activation in this area, the higher the frequency of everyday pro-environmental behaviour. Implications for the promotion of pro-environmental behaviour are discussed.
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            Team Sports and the Theory of Deliberate Practice

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              Evaluating two-step PCA of ERP data with Geomin, Infomax, Oblimin, Promax, and Varimax rotations.

              Principal components analysis (PCA) can facilitate analysis of event-related potential (ERP) components. Geomin, Oblimin, Varimax, Promax, and Infomax (independent components analysis) were compared using a simulated data set. Kappa settings for Oblimin and Promax were also systematically compared. Finally, the rotations were also analyzed in a two-step PCA procedure, including a contrast between spatiotemporal and temporospatial procedures. Promax was found to give the best overall results for temporal PCA, and Infomax was found to give the best overall results for spatial PCA. The current practice of kappa values of 3 or 4 for Promax and 0 for Oblimin was supported. Source analysis was meaningfully improved by temporal Promax PCA over the conventional windowed difference wave approach (from a median 32.9 mm error to 6.7 mm). It was also found that temporospatial PCA produced modestly improved results over spatiotemporal PCA.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLOS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                19 January 2023
                2023
                : 18
                : 1
                : e0278689
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
                [2 ] Annenberg School of Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
                [3 ] Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
                Ningbo University, CHINA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors would like to state that they have no competing interests.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3184-6725
                Article
                PONE-D-22-13932
                10.1371/journal.pone.0278689
                9851526
                36656847
                2c9a7402-70ff-42eb-9fb3-f202bc1c3a0b
                © 2023 Ho et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 12 May 2022
                : 22 November 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 1, Pages: 15
                Funding
                Funded by: United States Army Research Office
                Award ID: W911NF-15-1-0390
                Award Recipient :
                This research was funded by grant support to L.G.A. through the United States Army Research Office [W911NF-15-1-0390]. https://www.arl.army.mil/who-we-are/aro/. The authors would like to state that the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Behavior
                Recreation
                Sports
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Behavior
                Recreation
                Sports
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Sports Science
                Sports
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biomechanics
                Hand Strength
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Cognitive Science
                Cognitive Psychology
                Perception
                Sensory Perception
                Vision
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Cognitive Psychology
                Perception
                Sensory Perception
                Vision
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Cognitive Psychology
                Perception
                Sensory Perception
                Vision
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Sensory Perception
                Vision
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Sensory Physiology
                Visual System
                Eye Movements
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Sensory Systems
                Visual System
                Eye Movements
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Cognitive Science
                Cognitive Psychology
                Decision Making
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Cognitive Psychology
                Decision Making
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Cognitive Psychology
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                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Cognitive Science
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                Research and Analysis Methods
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                Physical Sciences
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                Mathematical and Statistical Techniques
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                Physical Sciences
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                Custom metadata
                Data cannot be shared publicly because of restrictions included in the data use agreement, however, requests may be made to USA Baseball for access to de-identified data underlying the results presented in the study: USA Baseball C/O Russell Hartford 2933 South Miami Blvd, Suite 119 Durham, NC 27703 russellhartford@ 123456usabaseball.com .

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