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      Bases anatómicas vasculares de los colgajos perforantes cutáneos Translated title: Vascular anatomical basis of perforator skin flaps

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          Abstract

          En las ultimas dos décadas, el uso de colgajos perforantes musculocutaneos se ha incrementado a medida que los microcirujanos se han familiarizado con la técnica y estos colgajos se han convertido en una parte de la evolución de la Microcirugía. Como se basan en perforantes musculocutaneas o septocutaneas individuales, el microcirujano reconstructivodebe tener la información anatómica detallada para planificar la transferencia de colgajos perforantes. El fin de este trabajo es la revisión de las diversas técnicas angiográficas disponibles para estudiar la anatomía vascular del cuerpo humano y presentar nuestra técnica habitual de inyección vascular. Exhibiremos ejemplos ilustrativos utilizando la técnica de la inyección de gelatina de oxido de plomo para visualizar la anatomía relevante de los sitios donantes de colgajos perforantes. La técnica de la inyección de gelatina de óxido descrita por Salmon y Rees y Taylor, puede ser utilizada para inyecciones arteriales o venosas, pero la hemos utilizado primariamente para inyección arterial. Los pasos para la inyección se describen detalladamente en el trabajo. En los pasados 5 años hemos disecado un total de 21 cadáveres frescos tras estudios de inyección arterial de gelatina de oxido de plomo. Se han revisado un total de 7000 radiografías. Presentamos los resultados de la búsqueda anatómica en las áreas de cabeza, cuello, miembros superiores, torso y miembros inferiores. La técnica de la inyección de gelatina de oxido de plomo es simple y económica a su vez; la técnica de análisis computarizado es barata y las técnicas de análisis informático son directas y proveen excelente visualización de la arquitectura de la piel humana. Los delicados detalles identificados utilizando esta técnica de inyección proveen información útil a los cirujanos para planificar transferencias de piel, músculo, hueso y nervio, y por tanto favorecen nuestra comprensión de la anatomía vascular clínicamente relacionada de los colgajos perforantes.

          Translated abstract

          Over the past 2 decades the use of musculocutaneous perforator flaps has increased worldwide as microsurgeons have become more comfortable with the technique. Perforator flaps have now become well established as a part of the evolution of microsurgery. Since perforator flaps are based on individual musculocutaneous or septocutaneous perforators, it is imperative that the reconstructive microsurgeon has the detailed anatomical information necessary to plan perforator flap transfers. The goal of this paper is to review the various angiographic techniques which are available to study the vascular anatomy of the human body and to present our current vascular injection technique. We will show illustrative examples using the lead oxide gelatin injection technique to elucidate the relevant anatomy of perforator flap donor sites. The lead oxide gelatin injection technique has been previously reported by Salmon and Rees and Taylor. The injection technique may be used for arterial or venous injections but we have primarily used it for arterial injections. The injection steps are detailed in the paper. Over the past five years we have dissected a total of 21 human fresh cadavers after lead oxide gelatin arterial injection studies. A total of over 7000 radiographs have been reviewed and summarized. We present summarized results of the anatomical research in the areas of head and neck, upper limb, torso and lower limb regions. The lead oxide gelatin injection technique is simple and inexpensive and the computer analysis technique is straight forward and provides excellent visualization of the architecture of the human skin. The fine details identified using this injection technique provides useful information to surgeons planning transfers of skin, muscle, bone and nerve and therefore our understandingly of clinically related vascular anatomy of perforator flaps can be improved.

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          Most cited references37

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          The vascular territories of the anterior chest wall.

          A series of 31 fresh cadaver injection, dissection and radiographic studies were undertaken to define the vascular architecture of the anterior chest wall and to correlate the findings of previous writers in this area. The findings confirmed that the dominant supply to this region is from the internal thoracic artery which interconnects in all layers with the posterior intercostals, the lateral thoracic, the acromio-thoracic and the transverse cervical arteries. The dominant cutaneous perforators of these vessels are concentrated around the perimeter of the pectoralis major muscle, the costal margin and over the interdigitations of the serratus anterior muscle in the mid-axillary line. The clinical significance of these findings is discussed with particular reference to the design of various breast reduction procedures and the planning of flaps in this area. Of special note is the observation that the concentration of large perforators which exists along the inframammary crease arises from the anterior intercostal vessels in the fifth and sixth intercostal spaces.
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            Perforator flaps: evolution, classification, and applications.

            In this article, the authors review the literature regarding perforator flaps. Musculocutaneous perforator flaps have evolved from musculocutaneous flaps and offer several distinct advantages. By sparing muscle tissue, thus reducing donor site morbidity and functional loss, perforator flaps are indicated for a number of clinical problems. The versatility of the perforator flap makes it ideal for the reconstruction of three-dimensional defects such as breast reconstruction or as a thin flap for resurfacing shallow wounds when bulk is considered a disadvantage. The authors review the historical development of the perforator flap and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of perforator flaps compared with free and pedicled musculocutaneous flaps. The nomenclature traditionally used for perforator flaps is confusing and lacks a standardized anatomic basis. The authors present a method to describe all perforator flaps according to their artery of origin.
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              INFARCTION IN THE HEART

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                cpil
                Cirugía Plástica Ibero-Latinoamericana
                Cir. plást. iberolatinoam.
                Sociedad Española de Cirugía Plástica, Reparadora y Estética (SECPRE) (Madrid )
                0376-7892
                December 2006
                : 32
                : 4
                : 225-236
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad Dalhouisie Canada
                Article
                S0376-78922006000400002
                10.4321/s0376-78922006000400002
                2cb89f24-78f2-4d27-ab83-411ab5fde964

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Categories
                SURGERY

                Surgery
                Perforator flaps,Vascular anatomy,Colgajos perforantes,Anatomía vascular
                Surgery
                Perforator flaps, Vascular anatomy, Colgajos perforantes, Anatomía vascular

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