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      Estado de la susceptibilidad de Aedes aegypti a insecticidas en Atlántico (Colombia) Translated title: Susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti to insecticides in Atlántico (Colombia)

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          Abstract

          Durante más de tres décadas el uso de insecticidas químicos ha sido la principal medida de control para la fiebre de dengue en el departamento del Atlántico, Colombia. Se evaluó el estado de la susceptibilidad a insecticidas de uso en salud pública de tipo organoclorado, organofosforado, piretroide y carbamato en poblaciones de A. aegypti del departamento del Atlántico. Se realizaron ensayos biológicos aplicando la metodología estandarizada por el Centro de Control y Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC), con dosis diagnóstica para deltametrina (6,25 µg/ml), lambdacialotrina (6,25 µg/ml), malatión (100 µg/ml), fenitrotión (75 µg/ml), propoxur (12,5 µg/ml) y dicloro-difenil-tricloretano DDT (150 µg/ml) en mosquitos de A. aegypti (F2) de los municipios de Barranquilla, Soledad (Villa Katanga y Floresta), Malambo, Puerto Colombia y Baranoa. Todas las poblaciones mostraron susceptibilidad al malatión y deltametrina, cinco a fenitrotión, cuatro a propoxur y dos a lambdacialotrina. En todas se evidenció pérdida de susceptibilidad al diclorodifenil- tricloretano. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en los porcentajes de mortalidad entre las poblaciones para malatión (p = 0,15), DDT (p = 0,54) y deltametrina (p = 0,99); mientras que para lambdacialotrina (p << 0,01), propoxur (p < 0,01) y fenitotrión (p << 0,01) se encontraron diferencias significativas. La aplicación de insecticidas químicos para el control de la fiebre de dengue en el departamento del Atlántico ha generado pérdida de la susceptibilidad en las poblaciones del mosquito vector.

          Translated abstract

          For more than three decades, chemical insecticides have been the principal measure to control dengue fever in the department of Atlán tico, Colombia. We evaluated the status of susceptibility to insecticides that are used in public health like organophosphates, organochlorates, pyrethroids and carbamates on populations of A. aegypti in the department of Atlántico. Biological assays were performed applying the standardized methodology of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), with diagnostic doses of deltamethrin (6.25 µg/ml), lambda-cyhalothrin (6.25 µg/ml), malathion (100 µg/ml), fenitothrion (75 µg/ml), propoxur (12.5 µg/ml) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DDT (150 µg/ml) on A. aegypti mosquitoes (F2) from the municipalities of Barranquilla, Soledad (Villa Katanga and Floresta), Malambo, Puerto Colombia and Baranoa. All the evaluated populations showed susceptibility to malathion and deltamethrin, five to fenitothrion, four to propoxur and two to lambda-cyhalothrin. All of them expressed loss of susceptibility to DDT. No significant differences were found in percent mortality between populations for malathion (P = 0.15), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (P = 0.54) and deltamethrin (P = 0.99), while significant differences were found for lambda-cyhalothrin (P << 0.01), propoxur (P < 0.01) and fenitothrion (P << 0.01). The application of chemical insecticides for the control of dengue fever in the department of Atlántico has generated the loss of susceptibility in populations of the mosquito vector.

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          Most cited references45

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          Glutathione S-transferases as antioxidant defence agents confer pyrethroid resistance in Nilaparvata lugens.

          Selection of a laboratory colony of the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens with the pyrethroids permethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin increased its resistance to both insecticides. Biochemical analysis and synergistic studies with metabolic inhibitors indicated that elevated glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) with a predominant peroxidase activity conferred resistance to both pyrethroids, whereas esterases conferred part of the resistance to permethrin. Purified esterases hydrolysed permethrin at a slow rate, but incubation of either pyrethroid or their primary metabolites with partially purified GSTs had no effect on the metabolic profile. Although GSTs were sensitive to inhibition by both pyrethroids, they did not serve as binding proteins, as previously hypothesized [Grant and Matsumura (1988) Insect Biochem. 18, 615-622]. We demonstrate that pyrethroids, in addition to their neurotoxic effect, induce oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in insects. Pyrethroid exposure induced lipid peroxides, protein oxidation and depleted reduced glutathione. Elevated GSTs in the resistant strains attenuated the pyrethroid-induced lipid peroxidation and reduced mortality, whereas their in vivo inhibition eliminated their protective role. We therefore hypothesize that the main role of elevated GSTs in conferring resistance in N. lugens is through protecting tissues from oxidative damage. Our study extends the GSTs' range of efficacy to pyrethroid insecticides and possibly explains the role of elevated GSTs in other pyrethroid-resistant insects.
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            Insecticide resistance in mosquitoes: a pragmatic review.

            Descriptions of the World Health Organization standard methods of assessing susceptibility or resistance in larval and in adult mosquitoes are presented, and the evaluation of their results are discussed. Other susceptibility test methods are also mentioned, including those based on esterase zymograms. Recent work on the biochemical mechanisms of resistance and cross-resistance are reviewed, along with possible countermeasures for the problem of mosquito resistance, now known in 113 species of culicines and anophelines.
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              The insect voltage-gated sodium channel as target of insecticides.

              E Zlotkin (1998)
              Examination of the function, chemistry, and pharmacology of the voltage-gated insect sodium channel (ISC) reveals that the ISC closely resembles its vertebrate counterpart in electrophysiology and ion conductance, primary structure and allocation of all functional domains, and its pharmacological diversity and flexibility exhibited by the occurrence of different allosterically coupled receptor-binding sites for various neurotoxicants. The toxicants include several groups of insecticides, namely DDT and its analogues, pyrethroids, N-alkylamides, and dihydropyrazoles, which affect channel gating and ion permeability. Despite their similarity, the insect and vertebrate channels are pharmacologically distinguishable, as revealed by the responsiveness of the heterologously expressed Drosophila para clone to channel modifiers and blockers and the occurrence of the insect-selective sodium channel neurotoxins derived from arachnid venoms presently used for the design of recombinant baculovirus-mediated selective bioinsecticides. The pharmacological specificity of the ISC may lead to the design of insect-selective toxicants, and its pharmacological flexibility may direct the use of ISC insecticides for resistance management. Insecticide resistance [such as knockdown resistance (KDR)] is acquired by natural selection and operated by increased metabolism, channel mutagenesis, or both. The resistance issue can be dealt with in several ways. One is by simultaneous application of low doses of synergistic, allosterically coupled mixtures (thus delaying or preventing the onset of resistance). An alternative is to replace an insecticide to which resistance was acquired by channel mutation with a different ISC toxicant to which increased susceptibility was conferred by the same mutation. Such a possibility was exemplified by a significant increase in susceptibility to N-alkylamides, as well as an insect-selective neurotoxin revealed by KDR insects. Third, both of these methods can be combined. Thus owing to its pharmacological uniqueness, the ISC may serve as a high-priority target for future selective and resistance-manageable insecticides.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rcen
                Revista Colombiana de Entomología
                Rev. Colomb. Entomol.
                Sociedad Colombiana de Entomología (Bogotá )
                0120-0488
                December 2010
                : 36
                : 2
                : 242-248
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad de Cartagena Venezuela
                Article
                S0120-04882010000200012
                10.25100/socolen.v36i2.9153
                2ccf3c6a-36e7-4e12-b04b-26204d1d5660

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Colombia

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0120-0488&lng=en
                Categories
                ENTOMOLOGY

                Entomology
                Dengue,Insecticide resistance,Bioassays,Vector control,Resistencia a insecticidas,Bioensayos,Control de vectores

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