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      CULTURAL ADAPTATION AND VALIDATION OF THE LOW ENERGY AVAILABILITY IN FEMALES QUESTIONNAIRE (LEAF-Q) Translated title: ADAPTAÇÃO CULTURAL E VALIDAÇÃO DO LOW ENERGY AVAILABILITY IN FEMALES QUESTIONNAIRE (LEAF-Q) Translated title: ADAPTACIÓN CULTURAL Y VALIDACIÓN DEL LOW ENERGY AVAILABILITY IN FEMALES QUESTIONNAIRE (LEAF-Q)

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction: Low energy availability, amenorrhea and osteoporosis make up the Female Athlete Triad observed in physically active females and athletes. The Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) was created with the purpose of identifying female athletes at risk for the Female Athlete Triad. Objective: To translate and culturally adapt the LEAF-Q for Brazilian Portuguese and validate it in a group of Brazilian athletes. Methods: The first stage of the study consisted of translation, cultural adaptation and content validation of the questionnaire in 20 athletes. In the second stage, for the test-retest reliability analysis and the construct validation, the final adapted version was applied in a sample of 127 athletes from various sports disciplines, 54 of whom responded to the questionnaire on a second occasion. For the test-retest reliability analysis, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated and the paired t-test, McNemar’s test and Bland-Altman plot were carried out. The construct validation modeled by known or contrasted groups was carried out by comparing the mean LEAF-Q scores of group 1 (athletes who practiced weight-sensitive sports) with those of group 2 (athletes who practiced team sports) using the Student’s t test. Results: The Brazilian version of the LEAF-Q showed excellent test-retest reliability, with an ICC of 0.92. The construct validity by known or contrasted groups was confirmed after demonstrating that athletes who practiced weight-sensitive sports had a higher LEAF-Q mean score than athletes who practiced team sports (p≤0.05). Conclusion: The Brazilian version of the LEAF-Q is an important tool, which presented textual and cultural adequacy, proved to be reliable in terms of test-retest reliability, and presents evidence of validity to investigate the risk of the triad. Level of evidence II; Diagnostic Studies – Investigating a diagnostic instrument .

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO Introdução: A baixa energia disponível, amenorreia e osteoporose compõe a tríade da mulher atleta, e afeta mulheres fisicamente ativas e atletas. O questionário Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) foi criado com a finalidade de identificar atletas do sexo feminino em risco de tríade da mulher atleta. Objetivo: Traduzir e adaptar culturalmente para o português do Brasil e validar o LEAF-Q em um grupo de atletas brasileiras. Métodos: A primeira etapa do estudo consistiu em tradução, adaptação cultural e validação de conteúdo do instrumento em 20 atletas. Na segunda etapa, para a análise da confiabilidade teste-reteste e validação de construto, a versão final adaptada do questionário foi aplicada em uma amostra de 127 atletas de diversas modalidades e, dentre elas, 54 responderam o questionário em uma segunda ocasião. Para a análise da confiabilidade teste-reteste, foi calculado o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (ICC), assim como a realização dos testes t pareado, de McNemar e do gráfico de Bland-Altman. A validação de construto modelada por grupos conhecidos ou contrastados foi realizada a partir da comparação das pontuações médias do LEAF-Q do grupo 1 (atletas de modalidades sensíveis ao peso) e do grupo 2 (atletas de esportes coletivos), empregando o teste t de Student. Resultados: A versão brasileira do LEAF-Q apresentou excelente confiabilidade teste-reteste, com ICC de 0,92. A validade de construto por grupos conhecidos ou contrastados foi confirmada ao demonstrar que atletas de modalidades sensíveis ao peso têm pontuação média maior no LEAF-Q do que atletas de esportes coletivos (p ≤ 0,05). Conclusão: A versão brasileira do LEAF-Q é uma ferramenta importante, que apresentou adequação textual e cultural, provou ser confiável, em termos de confiabilidade teste-reteste e apresenta evidências de validação para investigar o risco de tríade. Nível de evidência II; Estudos diagnósticos – Investigação de um instrumento diagnóstico .

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: La baja energía disponible, amenorrea y osteoporosis conforman la Tríada de la mujer deportista, y afecta a mujeres físicamente activas y atletas. El cuestionario Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) fue creado con la finalidad de identificar a atletas del sexo femenino en riesgo de Tríada de la mujer deportista. Objetivo: Traducir y adaptar culturalmente al portugués de Brasil y validar el LEAF-Q en un grupo de atletas brasileñas. Métodos: La primera etapa del estudio consistió en traducción, adaptación cultural y validación de contenido del instrumento en 20 atletas. En la segunda etapa, para el análisis de la confiabilidad test-retest y validación de constructo, la versión final adaptada del cuestionario fue aplicada a una muestra de 127 atletas de diversas modalidades y, entre ellas, 54 respondieron el cuestionario en una segunda ocasión. Para el análisis de la confiabilidad test-retest fue calculado el coeficiente de correlación intraclase (ICC), así como la realización de los tests t pareado, de McNemar y del gráfico de Bland-Altman. La validación de constructo modelada por grupos conocidos o contrastados fue realizada a partir de la comparación de las puntuaciones promedio del LEAF-Q del grupo 1 (atletas de modalidades sensibles al peso) y del grupo 2 (atletas de deportes colectivos), empleando el test t de Student. Resultados: La versión brasileña de LEAF-Q presentó excelente confiabilidad de test-retest, con ICC de 0,92. La validez de constructo por grupos conocidos o contrastados fue confirmada al demostrar que atletas de modalidades sensibles al peso tienen puntuación promedio mayor en el LEAF-Q que atletas de deportes colectivos (p ≤ 0,05). Conclusión: La versión brasileña del LEAF-Q es una herramienta importante, que presentó adecuación textual y cultural, probó ser confiable, en términos de confiabilidad de test-retest, y presenta evidencias de validación para investigar el riesgo de tríada. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios diagnósticos – Investigación de un instrumento diagnóstico .

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          Most cited references27

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          Cross-cultural adaptation of health-related quality of life measures: Literature review and proposed guidelines

          Clinicians and researchers without a suitable health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measure in their own language have two choices: (1) to develop a new measure, or (2) to modify a measure previously validated in another language, known as a cross-cultural adaptation process. We propose a set of standardized guidelines for this process based on previous research in psychology and sociology and on published methodological frameworks. These guidelines include recommendations for obtaining semantic, idiomatic, experiential and conceptual equivalence in translation by using back-translation techniques and committee review, pre-testing techniques and re-examining the weight of scores. We applied these guidelines to 17 cross-cultural adaptation of HRQOL measures identified through a comprehensive literature review. The reporting standards varied across studies but agreement between raters in their ratings of the studies was substantial to almost perfect (weighted kappa = 0.66-0.93) suggesting that the guidelines are easy to apply. Further research is necessary in order to delineate essential versus optional steps in the adaptation process.
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            Note on the sampling error of the difference between correlated proportions or percentages.

            Q McNEMAR (1947)
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              The IOC consensus statement: beyond the Female Athlete Triad--Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S).

              Protecting the health of the athlete is a goal of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The IOC convened an expert panel to update the 2005 IOC Consensus Statement on the Female Athlete Triad. This Consensus Statement replaces the previous and provides guidelines to guide risk assessment, treatment and return-to-play decisions. The IOC expert working group introduces a broader, more comprehensive term for the condition previously known as 'Female Athlete Triad'. The term 'Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport' (RED-S), points to the complexity involved and the fact that male athletes are also affected. The syndrome of RED-S refers to impaired physiological function including, but not limited to, metabolic rate, menstrual function, bone health, immunity, protein synthesis, cardiovascular health caused by relative energy deficiency. The cause of this syndrome is energy deficiency relative to the balance between dietary energy intake and energy expenditure required for health and activities of daily living, growth and sporting activities. Psychological consequences can either precede RED-S or be the result of RED-S. The clinical phenomenon is not a 'triad' of the three entities of energy availability, menstrual function and bone health, but rather a syndrome that affects many aspects of physiological function, health and athletic performance. This Consensus Statement also recommends practical clinical models for the management of affected athletes. The 'Sport Risk Assessment and Return to Play Model' categorises the syndrome into three groups and translates these classifications into clinical recommendations.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rbme
                Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte
                Rev Bras Med Esporte
                Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina do Exercício e do Esporte (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                1517-8692
                1806-9940
                June 2021
                : 27
                : 2
                : 184-188
                Affiliations
                [1] Santos orgnameUniversidade Federal de São Paulo orgdiv1Interdisciplinary Postgraduation Program in Health Sciences Brazil
                [2] Santos orgnameUniversidade Federal de São Paulo orgdiv1Department of Human Movement Sciences Brazil
                Article
                S1517-86922021000200184 S1517-8692(21)02700200184
                10.1590/1517-869220212702223889
                2cd1b101-0277-40fa-a3bd-96a6d8b27c7c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 13 May 2019
                : 04 December 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 27, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Original Articles

                Atletas,Síndrome de la tríada de la atleta femenina,Estudios de validación,Síndrome da tríade da mulher atleta,Athletes,Female athlete triad syndrome,Estudos de validação,Validation studies

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