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      Mutation of MED12 is not a frequent occurrence in prostate cancer of Korean patients

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          Abstract

          Prostate cancer is one of the major health care problems, but the molecular pathogenesis has been relatively insufficiently elucidated. Recently, whole exome sequencing of prostate cancer identified recurrent mutations involving MED12 in Caucasian patients, which finding was not reproduced in one subsequent study by Sanger sequencing. Thus, we investigated mutation status of MED12 in exons 2 and 26 by Sanger sequencing in 102 radical prostatectomy cases from Korean patients. The analysis found the mutation in none of the cases. Therefore, MED12 mutation does not appear to represent a significant molecular alteration in this cohort of patients according to the analysis by the traditional “gold standard.”

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          Most cited references25

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          Cancer Statistics in Korea: Incidence, Mortality, Survival, and Prevalence in 2009

          Purpose This study overviews nationwide cancer statistics, including incidence, mortality, survival, and prevalence, and their trends in Korea based on 2009 cancer incidence data. Materials and Methods Incidence data from 1993-2009 were obtained from the Korea National Cancer Incidence Database, and vital status was followed through 31 December 2010. Mortality data from 1983-2009 were obtained from Statistics Korea. Crude rates and age-standardized rates for incidence, mortality, and prevalence; and relative survival were calculated. Results In total, 192,561 cancer cases and 69,780 cancer deaths were observed during 2009, and 808,503 10-year cancer prevalent cases occurred in Korea as of 1 January 2010. The incidence rate for all cancers combined showed an annual increase of 3.3% from 1999 to 2009. Conclusion Stomach, liver and cervical cancers have been decreasing and thyroid, breast and colorectal cancers have been increasing at large. In particular, in 2009, colorectal cancer became the third most common cancer in females and for the first time ranked higher than stomach cancer, which had been the long-standing common cancer in Korea. While overall cancer incidence has been rapidly increasing in Korea, age-standardized cancer mortality rates have been declining since 2002, and cancer survival has been improving.
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            The human Mediator complex: a versatile, genome-wide regulator of transcription.

            The Mediator complex interacts extensively with the RNA polymerase II enzyme and regulates its ability to express protein-coding genes. The mechanisms by which Mediator regulates gene expression remain poorly understood, in part because the structure of Mediator and even its composition can change, depending upon the promoter context. Combined with the sheer size of the human Mediator complex (26 subunits, 1.2 MDa), this structural adaptability bestows seemingly unlimited regulatory potential within the complex. Recent efforts to understand Mediator structure and function have identified expanded roles that include control of both pre- and post-initiation events; it is also evident that Mediator performs both general and gene-specific roles to regulate gene expression. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Changing demography of prostate cancer in Asia.

              There has been a recent trend in Asia towards increasing incidence of prostate cancer, with some low-risk regions, such as Japan and Singapore, reporting a more rapid increase than high-risk countries. In this study, age-specific and age-standardised (world) incidence rates and mortality rates for prostate cancer in Asian countries for 1978-1997 were retrieved and compared. The results confirm that the incidence of prostate cancer has risen by 5-118% in the indexed Asian countries. Incidence at centres in Japan rose as much as 102% (Miyagi 6.3-12.7 per 100,000 person-years) whilst the incidence in Singaporean Chinese increased 118% from 6.6 to 14.4 per 100,000 person-years. The lowest incidence rate recorded was in Shanghai, China and the highest rates were in Rizal Province in the Philippines, although still much lower than those in the United States of America (USA) and many European countries. Whilst the absolute value of the increase is not comparable to North American and European populations, the incidence ratio in many Asian centres is similar to that of the high-risk countries. The mortality data for prostate cancer showed a similar rising trend. The increases in age-adjusted mortality rates per 100,000 person-years, adjusted to the world standard, ranged from 50% in Thailand to 260% in Korea. The difference may be partly due to genetic polymorphism in the androgen receptor and androgen metabolism pathway enzymes as well as to dietary or environmental factors. In particular, phytochemicals, such as isoflavonoids and tea polyphenols, which are common in Asian diets showed promising anti-mitotic activity in animal and clinical studies. In conclusion, with gradual Westernisation, many Asian countries may be losing their cultural protective factors and acquiring high-risk ones. A better understanding of how these factors interact to cause prostate cancer through further studies with a multi-ethnic perspective will facilitate appropriate public health strategies to minimise high-risk factors and maintain protective factors and keep prostate cancer at bay.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Asian J Androl
                Asian J. Androl
                AJA
                Asian Journal of Andrology
                Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                1008-682X
                1745-7262
                May-Jun 2017
                26 February 2016
                : 19
                : 3
                : 346-349
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
                [2 ]Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Dr. GY Kwon ( geeo@ 123456skku.edu )
                [*]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                AJA-19-346
                10.4103/1008-682X.172826
                5427792
                26924278
                2ce98fff-5c41-4872-b5a8-a7003525538f
                Copyright: © The Author(s)(2017)

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

                History
                : 12 June 2015
                : 26 August 2015
                : 23 November 2015
                Categories
                Original Article

                mediator complex subunit 12,mutation analysis,prostate cancer,prostate neoplasms

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