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      Neurobiological consequences of traumatic brain injury Translated title: Consecuencias neurobiológicas del daño cerebral traumático Translated title: Conséquences neurobiologiques d'une lésion cérébrale traumatique

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          Abstract

          Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a worldwide public health problem typically caused by contact and inertial forces acting on the brain. Recent attention has also focused on the mechanisms of injury associated with exposure to blast events or explosions. Advances in the understanding of the neuropathophysiology of TBI suggest that these forces initiate an elaborate and complex array of cellular and subcellular events related to alterations in Ca ++ homeostasis and signaling. Furthermore, there is a fairly predictable profile of brain regions that are impacted by neurotrauma and the related events. This profile of brain damage accurately predicts the acute and chronic sequelae that TBI survivors suffer from, although there is enough variation to suggest that individual differences such as genetic polymorphisms and factors governing resiliency play a role in modulating outcome. This paper reviews our current understanding of the neuropathophysiology of TBI and how this relates to the common clinical presentation of neurobehavioral difficulties seen after an injury.

          Translated abstract

          El daño cerebral traumático (DCT) es un problema de salud pública mundial causado característicamente por fuerzas de contacto o de inercia que actúan sobre el cerebro. La preocupación reciente se ha centrado en los mecanismos de daño asociado con la exposición al efecto de ráfagas o explosiones. Los avances en la comprensión de la neurofisiopatologáa del DCT sugieren que estas fuerzas inician y producen una serie compleja de acontecimientos celulares y subcelulares relacionados con alteraciones en la homeostasis y mecanismos de señales del Ca ++. Además, hay un perfil bastante predecible de regiones cerebrales que son afectadas por el neurotrauma y los acontecimientos relacionados. Este perfil de daño cerebral predice con precisión las secuelas agudas y crónicas que sufren los supervivientes de un DCT, aunque existe bastante variación que sugiere que las diferencias individuales - como los polimorfismos genéticos y los factores que regulan la resiliencia - tienen un papel en la modulación de los resultados. Este artículo revisa la comprensión actual de la neurofisiopatología del DCT y cómo se relaciona ésta con la presentación clínica habitual de las dificultades neuroconductuales que se observan después de una lesión.

          Translated abstract

          La lésion cérébrale traumatique (LCT), problème de santé publique mondial, est provoquée par un contact et des forces d'inertie agissant sur le cerveau. Récemment, l'intérêt s'est porté aussi sur les mécanismes des lésions associées aux explosions ou aux phénomènes de souffle. Les avancées dans la compréhension de la neurophysiopathologie de la LCT laissent supposer que ces forces sont à l'origine d'une série élaborée et complexe d'événements cellulaires et sous-cellulaires liés aux altérations de l'homéostasie et du signal calciques. De plus, le profil des régions cérébrales touchées par les neurotraumatismes et les événements liés est assez prévisible. Le profil de la lésion cérébrale prédit précisément les séquelles aiguës et chroniques des survivants aux LCT, les variations étant néanmoins suffisantes pour suggérer que des différences individuelles (polymorphismes génétiques et facteurs de resilience) jouent un rôle dans la modulation de l'évolution. Cet article fait une mise au point sur notre compréhension actuelle de la neurophysiopathologie de la LCT et sur la façon dont on peut la rattacher aux problèmes neurocomportementaux observés après une lésion.

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          The psychiatric sequelae of traumatic injury.

          Traumatic injury affects millions of people each year. There is little understanding of the extent of psychiatric illness that develops after traumatic injury or of the impact of mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) on psychiatric illness. The authors sought to determine the range of new psychiatric disorders occurring after traumatic injury and the influence of mild TBI on psychiatric status. In this prospective cohort study, patients were drawn from recent admissions to four major trauma hospitals across Australia. A total of 1,084 traumatically injured patients were initially assessed during hospital admission and followed up 3 months (N=932, 86%) and 12 months (N=817, 75%) after injury. Lifetime psychiatric diagnoses were assessed in hospital. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders, levels of quality of life, and mental health service use were assessed at the follow-ups. The main outcome measures were 3- and 12-month prevalence of axis I psychiatric disorders, levels of quality of life, and mental health service use and lifetime axis I psychiatric disorders. Twelve months after injury, 31% of patients reported a psychiatric disorder, and 22% developed a psychiatric disorder that they had never experienced before. The most common new psychiatric disorders were depression (9%), generalized anxiety disorder (9%), posttraumatic stress disorder (6%), and agoraphobia (6%). Patients were more likely to develop posttraumatic stress disorder (odds ratio=1.92, 95% CI=1.08-3.40), panic disorder (odds ratio=2.01, 95% CI=1.03-4.14), social phobia (odds ratio=2.07, 95% CI=1.03-4.16), and agoraphobia (odds ratio=1.94, 95% CI=1.11-3.39) if they had sustained a mild TBI. Functional impairment, rather than mild TBI, was associated with psychiatric illness. A significant range of psychiatric disorders occur after traumatic injury. The identification and treatment of a range of psychiatric disorders are important for optimal adaptation after traumatic injury.
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            Apoptosis and caspases in neurodegenerative diseases.

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              Understanding sequelae of injury mechanisms and mild traumatic brain injury incurred during the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan: persistent postconcussive symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder.

              A cross-sectional study of military personnel following deployment to conflicts in Iraq or Afghanistan ascertained histories of combat theater injury mechanisms and mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) and current prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and postconcussive symptoms. Associations among injuries, PTSD, and postconcussive symptoms were explored. In February 2005, a postal survey was sent to Iraq/Afghanistan veterans who had left combat theaters by September 2004 and lived in Maryland; Washington, DC; northern Virginia; and eastern West Virginia. Immediate neurologic symptoms postinjury were used to identify mild TBI. Adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals were computed by using Poisson regression. About 12% of 2,235 respondents reported a history consistent with mild TBI, and 11% screened positive for PTSD. Mild TBI history was common among veterans injured by bullets/shrapnel, blasts, motor vehicle crashes, air/water transport, and falls. Factors associated with PTSD included reporting multiple injury mechanisms (prevalence ratio = 3.71 for three or more mechanisms, 95% confidence interval: 2.23, 6.19) and combat mild TBI (prevalence ratio = 2.37, 95% confidence interval: 1.72, 3.28). The strongest factor associated with postconcussive symptoms was PTSD, even after overlapping symptoms were removed from the PTSD score (prevalence ratio = 3.79, 95% confidence interval: 2.57, 5.59).
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Section of Neuropsychiatry, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
                Journal
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
                Les Laboratoires Servier (France )
                1294-8322
                1958-5969
                September 2011
                September 2011
                : 13
                : 3
                : 287-300
                Affiliations
                Section of Neuropsychiatry, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
                Author notes
                Article
                10.31887/DCNS.2011.13.2/tmcallister
                3182015
                22033563
                2d07abce-8f2d-4cab-97ff-f9281d6066bb
                Copyright: © 2011 LLS

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Categories
                Translational Research

                Neurosciences
                neurobehavior,neuropsychiatry of tbi,neurotrauma,traumatic brain injury
                Neurosciences
                neurobehavior, neuropsychiatry of tbi, neurotrauma, traumatic brain injury

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