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      Sublethal and transgenerational effects of sulfoxaflor on the demography and feeding behaviour of the mirid bug Apolygus lucorum

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          Abstract

          Sulfoxaflor, the first commercially available sulfoximine insecticide, has been used for the control of sap-feeding insect pests such as plant bugs and aphids on a variety of crops. However, its sublethal effects on the mirid bug Apolygus lucorum, one of the key insect pests of Bt cotton and fruit trees in China, have not been fully examined. Here, we evaluated the demography and feeding behaviour of A. lucorum exposed to sulfoxaflor. The leaf-dipping bioassay showed that the LC 10 and LC 30 of sulfoxaflor against 3 rd-instar nymphs of this insect were 1.23 and 8.37 mg L -1, respectively. The LC 10 significantly extended the nymphal duration and decreased the oviposition period by 5.29 days and female fecundity by 56.99% in the parent generation (F0). The longer duration of egg, 5 th-instar nymphs, preadult, and male adult longevity were observed in the F1 generation (F1) at LC 10. At the LC 30, the duration of egg and 1 st-instar nymph, female adult longevity, and oviposition period of the F1 were significantly shorter, while the nymphal duration in the F0 and duration of 5 th-instar nymphs, preadult survival rate, and male adult longevity in the F1 significantly increased. The net reproductive rate ( R 0), intrinsic rate of increase ( r), and finite rate of increase ( λ) in the F1 were not significantly affected by these two concentrations, whereas the mean generation time ( T) was lower at the LC 30. Additionally, the probe counts and cells mixture feeding time were markedly lengthened by the LC 10 and LC 30, respectively, when A. lucorum nymphs exposed to sulfoxaflor fed on Bt cotton plants without insecticides. These results clearly indicate that sulfoxaflor causes sublethal effects on A. lucorum and the transgenerational effects depend on the tested concentrations.

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          Mirid bug outbreaks in multiple crops correlated with wide-scale adoption of Bt cotton in China.

          Long-term ecological effects of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops on nontarget pests have received limited attention, more so in diverse small holder-based cropping systems of the developing world. Field trials conducted over 10 years in northern China show that mirid bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae) have progressively increased population sizes and acquired pest status in cotton and multiple other crops, in association with a regional increase in Bt cotton adoption. More specifically, our analyses show that Bt cotton has become a source of mirid bugs and that their population increases are related to drops in insecticide use in this crop. Hence, alterations of pest management regimes in Bt cotton could be responsible for the appearance and subsequent spread of nontarget pests at an agro-landscape level.
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            Pesticide-Induced Stress in Arthropod Pests for Optimized Integrated Pest Management Programs.

            More than six decades after the onset of wide-scale commercial use of synthetic pesticides and more than fifty years after Rachel Carson's Silent Spring, pesticides, particularly insecticides, arguably remain the most influential pest management tool around the globe. Nevertheless, pesticide use is still a controversial issue and is at the regulatory forefront in most countries. The older generation of insecticide groups has been largely replaced by a plethora of novel molecules that exhibit improved human and environmental safety profiles. However, the use of such compounds is guided by their short-term efficacy; the indirect and subtler effects on their target species, namely arthropod pest species, have been neglected. Curiously, comprehensive risk assessments have increasingly explored effects on nontarget species, contrasting with the majority of efforts focused on the target arthropod pest species. The present review mitigates this shortcoming by hierarchically exploring within an ecotoxicology framework applied to integrated pest management the myriad effects of insecticide use on arthropod pest species.
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              Two new methods for the study of insect population ecology

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Writing – review & editing
                Role: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                14 May 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 5
                : e0232812
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Maize/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Northern Yellow-Huai River Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan, China
                [2 ] Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
                [3 ] College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
                Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, FRANCE
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2446-0699
                Article
                PONE-D-19-06486
                10.1371/journal.pone.0232812
                7224452
                32407334
                2d0d3fd7-20f1-4cdc-9ed7-2e8fc8ec16d9
                © 2020 Lu et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 6 March 2019
                : 22 April 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 2, Pages: 14
                Funding
                Funded by: National Key R&D Program of China
                Award ID: 2017YFD0201900
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Key R&D Program of Shandong Province
                Award ID: 2018GNC111019
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences
                Award ID: CXGC2016A09
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences
                Award ID: CXGC2016B11
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Key R&D Program of Shandong Province
                Award ID: 2017CXGC0214
                Award Recipient :
                This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFD0201900), the Key R&D Program of Shandong Province (2017CXGC0214, 2018GNC111019), and the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CXGC2016A09 and CXGC2016B11).
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Developmental Biology
                Life Cycles
                Nymphs
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Agriculture
                Agrochemicals
                Insecticides
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Population Biology
                Population Metrics
                Fecundity
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Reproductive Physiology
                Oviposition
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Reproductive Physiology
                Oviposition
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Insects
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Agriculture
                Pests
                Insect Pests
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Plants
                Flowering Plants
                Cotton
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Insects
                Hemiptera
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

                Uncategorized
                Uncategorized

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