PATOLOGÍA TRAQUEAL DIAGNOSTICADA POR FIBROBRONCOSCOPIA: EXPERIENCIA EN 111 CASOS

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Abstract

Objetivo: Determinar la etiología benigna o maligna de las lesiones traqueales diagnosticadas por fibrobroncoscopia y el tratamiento establecido. Material y métodos: Estudio de observación clínica, retrospectivo y prospectivo, en pacientes con fibrobroncoscopia diagnóstica (octubre 2001 a septiembre 2003). Se registraron diagnóstico histopatológico benigno o maligno de las lesiones y el tratamiento. Se aplicaron las pruebas de varianza ANOVA y de comparación de proporciones con límites de confianza de la distribución binominal (Bernoulli). Resultados: De 867 fibrobroncoscopias, 153 (17.6%) fueron de vía aérea central realizadas en 111 pacientes, 62 (55.8%) hombres y 49 (44.1%) mujeres, edad promedio 52 años, desviación estándar 20.15, rango 3-82 años. Tenían patología benigna 66/111 (59.4%): las más frecuentes fueron estenosis posintubación 41/66 y granuloma inespecífico 9/66; otras causas incluyen compresión extrínseca, traqueomalacia, tuberculosis, fístula traqueoesofágica, escleroma, bridas, adenoma papilar. En 45/111 (40.5%) la patología fue maligna: primaria en 34/45 siendo más frecuente el adenocarcinoma 18/45; otros tumores fueron: cáncer epidermoide pulmonar, cáncer epidermoide laríngeo, carcinoma de células pequeñas; y metástasis: 4/45 como cáncer de próstata, cervicouterino, colangiocarcinoma y sarcoma fibromixoide retroperitoneal. Correspondieron a extensión local o infiltración tumoral 7/45 casos. Por ANOVA no se encontraron diferencias en cuanto al porcentaje de estenosis de diferente localización. Por comparación de proporciones no hubo diferencias significativas entre patología benigna y maligna; de cada 10 casos, 6 benignos y 4 malignos. De las lesiones malignas hubo diferencia significativa entre primarias y metastásicas e infiltrantes de tumores intratorácicos, 34/45 (75.5%), p<0.05. Después del tratamiento se obtuvo una mejoría inmediata de la sintomatología obstructiva. Conclusión: La fibrobroncoscopia permite determinar: localización, grado de obstrucción y tipo de lesión de laringe, tráquea y bronquios principales, benigna o maligna. Es útil para planear la terapéutica curativa o paliativa más conveniente para corregir la obstrucción. Predominó la estenosis posintubación traqueal 41/66 (62%) entre las lesiones benignas.

Translated abstract

Objective: To determine the malignant and benign etiology of tracheal lesions by fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) and the results of their treatment. Material and methods: Retrospective and prospective study of patients with diagnostic FOB, from October 2001 to September 2003. Histopathologic diagnosis and treatment of all lesions were recorded. ANOVA and proportions comparison with confidence limits for binomial distribution (Bernoulli) were applied. Results: Of 867 FOB, 153 (17.6%) were performed in the main airway in a total of 111 patients. Sixty-two (55.8%) were males and 49 (44.1%) females, mean age of 52 years; SD 20.15, range 3-82 years. Of these, 66/111 (59.4%) had benign lesions, the most frequent were post-intubation stenosis (41/66) and non-specific granuloma (9/66), other lesions such as extrinsic compression, tracheomalacia, tuberculosis, tracheoesophageal fistula, scleroma, strips and papillary adenoma were found. In 45/111 (40.5%) the lesion was malignant; of these, 34/45 were primarythe most common being adenocarcinoma (18/45); other tumors were epidermoid pulmonary, epidermoid laryngeal and small cell carcinoma, and metastases, and 4/45 were prostate cancer, uterine cervix carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma and retroperitoneal fibromixoid sarcoma. 7/45 had local infiltration or invasion from intrathoracic tumors. ANOVA did not demonstrate differences between the percentages of stenosis of different localization. There was statistical difference between primary and metastatic malignancies p <0.05. Immediate relief of respiratory difficulty was registered following treatment. Conclusion: Site, degree of obstruction and type of tracheal lesions can be evaluated by FOB to establish the most convenient treatment for the obstruction, whether curative or palliative. Among benign lesions post-endotracheal intubation structure was the most common.

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Airway stenting for malignant and benign tracheobronchial stenosis.

Douglas E Wood, Yun-Hen Liu, Eric Vallières … (2003)

Patients with benign and malignant central airway obstruction suffer from disabling dyspnea, obstructive pneumonia, and impending suffocation. Therapeutic bronchoscopy provides immediate and gratifying palliation. Airway stenting is the principal modality used to manage intrinsic tracheobronchial pathology and extrinsic airway compression. This report provides the details of the indications, techniques, and results of airway stenting in our practice. University of Washington patients undergoing bronchoscopy with stent placement or revision from May 1992 through December 2001 were extracted from a prospective patient database. Details of the stent procedure were obtained from the medical records and office charts. Early outcomes were assessed by patient symptoms and signs, and late outcomes were assessed by patient follow-up visits, follow-up bronchoscopy, or discussions, or a combination of these with the patient, patient's family, or referring physician. One hundred forty-three patients underwent 309 stent procedures of which 67% were for malignant disease. Eighty-two percent required urgent or emergent intervention, and 77% had compromise of more than three fourths of the airway lumen. Eighty-seven percent of stents placed were silicone rubber and 15% of patients required multiple stents to achieve airway palliation. Significant improvement was achieved in 94% of patients but required multiple endoscopies to maintain improvement in 41%. There was no stent-related mortality and only one major complication required surgery. Airway stenting provides prompt and durable palliation in unresectable patients with central airway obstruction. Frequently multiple stents and multiple procedures will be necessary to maintain a satisfactory airway.

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Postintubation tracheal stenosis.

J C Wain (2003)

Postintubation tracheal stenosis is a clinical problem caused by regional ischemic necrosis of the airway. The incidence of postintubation tracheal stenosis has decreased with recognition of its etiology and modifications in the design and management endotracheal and tracheostomy tubes; however, it remains the most common indication for tracheal resection and reconstruction. Single-stage resection and reconstruction by a competent tracheal surgeon results in good or satisfactory results in 93.7% of patients, with a failure rate of 3.9% and a mortality rate of 2.4%. The intellect and skill of Dr. Grillo has made the etiology and management of postintubation stenosis obvious to us all.