It is commonly assumed that the primary objective of Pharma is to generate and maximize
profit to share-holders rather than to serve humanity by the prevention and cure of
disease and furthering science. Pharma is also felt to lack an incentive to fund and
deliver personalized medicines, so it is up to the scientific community to do that
(AT Fojo, Head of the Experimental Therapeutics Section, NCI at AACR 2010). Meanwhile,
there are doubts within Pharma itself: 'increasing regulatory requirements, related
escalating costs of development, and well publicized product withdrawals are leading
those in the industry and its investors to wonder where future value can be realized,'
(Ken Fyvie, expert in commercial strategy).
Despite this perceived pessimism, I assert to you today, that because of the rapid
advances in genomics, imaging, and tumor cell biology, Pharma's priorities are now
more closely aligned with those of academia than ever before.
Nearly every effective targeted agent has a biomarker that can predict response. While
somatic genetic alterations in the tumor are the primary determinant of response to
targeted therapy, multiple somatic genetic abnormalities are present in each tumor
so both finding the critical mutations and proving that these were in fact driving
tumorigenesis was and remains challenging. However, imatinib, trastuzumab, gefitinib/erlotinib,
tamoxifen and many other therapeutics on the market prove that targeting specific
biomarkers can be successful in both hematological and solid tumor malignancies. Targeting
can bring significant benefit to patients and unexpectedly high profits to Pharma.
Pharma now understands the value of targeting specific genetic abnormalities even
in small populations. This 'low hanging fruit' still requires better understanding
on how best to demonstrate the treatment to be safe and effective in these niches.
Conventional approaches to drug development need to be challenged. The need to compare
highly effective targeted agents to standard of care chemotherapy, the lack of biomarker
testing in the community setting, tissue availability, and the ability to receive
optimal pricing for higher responses in a smaller population are but a few of the
challenges.
A perfect example of moving clearly in the direction science brings us is the Pfizer
compound crizotinib (PF-02341066), which is a dual c-Met and ALK inhibitor that was
initially developed with a c-Met focus [1]. c-MET is a frequently genetically altered
receptor tyrosine kinase in human cancers (hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma,
100%; sporadic papillary renal cell carcinoma, 13%; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma,
10%; non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), 8%; and small cell lung cancer, 13%) or amplified
(gastric carcinoma, 5 to 10%; colorectal carcinoma, 4% in primary tumors and 20% in
liver metastases; esophageal adenocarcinoma, 5 to 10%). The other kinase inhibited
was an anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), known to be present in a subset of chemosensitive
anaplastic lymphomas, some neuroblastomas and in inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors,
a very rare tumor. In 2007, Soda and colleagues published a Nature paper identifying
ALK fusion genes [2]. Fortuitously, the phase I study was ongoing at that time with
PF-02341066. Of the three objective responders in this phase I study, all had ALK
translocations: one with inflammatory myofibroblastic sarcoma had a NPM-ALK translocation
and two with NSCLC had a EML4-ALK translocation. Despite the extreme rarity of these
abnormalities, Pfizer modified the phase I protocol to recruit patients with NSCLC
harboring ALK mutations and established a close collaboration with academia. The collaborator
adjusted the existing Abbott fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) assay and served
as the reference laboratory for detecting EML4-ALK translocations in tumor specimens
for patients in the trial [3]. A formal collaboration with Abbott to develop a commercialized
diagnostic followed.
In a single-agent study including 82 patients reported at the 2010 American Society
of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) meeting, more than half of participants with recurrent
metastatic NSCLC had a RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors) response
and 82% had clinical benefit [4]. As reported, the tolerability profile was excellent,
with single digit grade 2 toxicities. The compound now will be presented to regulatory
authorities for approval in a subpopulation of 3 to 5% of patients with NSCLC with
an expected duration of treatment until progression of about 8 to 12 months. In addition,
the discovery strategy in most Pharmas has evolved from designing a chemical entity
and testing it in patients to first identifying key drivers of disease and then developing
agents aimed at these disease pathways.
The era of broad based drug development is over and translational research is essential
for additional progress against cancer. This creates new opportunities and challenges.
Some of the opportunities include better insights into the complex cancer biology,
which allows identification of subsets that respond better to treatment. A focused
drug development approach will lead to a win-win for patients, payers, and sponsors.
Pharma now focuses on subset specific trials rather than trials in broadly defined
tumors; interactions between basic scientists, clinical researchers and diagnostic
partners are essential to achieve meaningful progress against cancer.
The challenges are many: how to recognize the right data to identify patient subsets
and the technology to select patients with sufficient rigor to drive drug development
in addition to meeting regulatory requirements that may not keep pace with advancing
technology. Pharma must learn how to select the best academic and diagnostic partners.
Research is essential for progress against cancer, but funding is limited for collaboration
between academia and industry. It takes considerable effort and time to bring partners
really together, some of which is simply related to trust.
For the timely development of a diagnostic, a commercial partner may be preferred
over an academic partner; however, the expertise of academic partners cannot be lost.
Academic institutions compete with each other and thus choice of collaborators can
be challenging.
In 2010 the Pharma priorities in oncology are driven by an unmet need and a targeted
scientific hypothesis. By targeting the right pathway with optimal academic and diagnostic
partners, medicines can be delivered to the right patient at the right time sooner.
Pharma today is and must be more cost-aware, must define efficacy for targeted agents
consistently and, most of all, must let science drive the market rather than the reverse.
Abbreviations
ALK: anaplastic lymphoma kinase; NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer.
Competing interests
MK is an employee and stock holder of Pfizer Pharmaceutical.