The World Health Organization 2030 goals for
 Taenia solium : Insights and perspectives from transmission dynamics modelling

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Abstract

Taenia solium (TS), responsible for porcine cysticercosis, human taeniasis and (neuro)cysticercosis, was included in the World Health Organization neglected tropical disease (NTD) roadmap published in 2012. Targets set in this roadmap have not been met, but T. solium has been included in the consultation process for the new 2030 goals proposed for priority NTDs. Taenia solium transmission dynamics models can contribute to this process. A recent review has compared existing T. solium transmission models, identifying their similarities and differences in structure, parameterization and modelled intervention approaches. While a formal model comparison to investigate the impact of interventions is yet to be conducted, the models agree on the importance of coverage for intervention effectiveness and on the fact that human- and pig-focused interventions can be optimally combined. One of these models, cystiSim, an individual-based, stochastic model has been used to assess field-applicable interventions, some currently under evaluation in on-going trials in Zambia. The EPICYST, population-based, deterministic model has highlighted, based on simulating a generic sub-Saharan Africa setting, the higher efficacy (measured as the percentage of human cysticercosis cases prevented) of biomedical interventions (human and pig treatment and pig vaccination) compared to improved husbandry, sanitation, and meat inspection. Important questions remain regarding which strategies and combinations thereof provide sustainable solutions for severely resource-constrained endemic settings. Defining realistic timeframes to achieve feasible targets, and establishing suitable measures of effectiveness for these targets that can be quantified with current monitoring and evaluation tools, are current major barriers to identifying validated strategies. Taenia solium transmission models can support setting achievable 2030 goals; however, the refinement of these models is first required. Incorporating socio-economic elements, improved understanding of underlying biological processes, and consideration of spatial dynamics are key knowledge gaps that need addressing to support model development.

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World Health Organization Estimates of the Global and Regional Disease Burden of 11 Foodborne Parasitic Diseases, 2010: A Data Synthesis

Paul Torgerson, Brecht Devleesschauwer, Nicolas Praet … (2015)

Background Foodborne diseases are globally important, resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality. Parasitic diseases often result in high burdens of disease in low and middle income countries and are frequently transmitted to humans via contaminated food. This study presents the first estimates of the global and regional human disease burden of 10 helminth diseases and toxoplasmosis that may be attributed to contaminated food. Methods and Findings Data were abstracted from 16 systematic reviews or similar studies published between 2010 and 2015; from 5 disease data bases accessed in 2015; and from 79 reports, 73 of which have been published since 2000, 4 published between 1995 and 2000 and 2 published in 1986 and 1981. These included reports from national surveillance systems, journal articles, and national estimates of foodborne diseases. These data were used to estimate the number of infections, sequelae, deaths, and Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), by age and region for 2010. These parasitic diseases, resulted in 48.4 million cases (95% Uncertainty intervals [UI] of 43.4–79.0 million) and 59,724 (95% UI 48,017–83,616) deaths annually resulting in 8.78 million (95% UI 7.62–12.51 million) DALYs. We estimated that 48% (95% UI 38%-56%) of cases of these parasitic diseases were foodborne, resulting in 76% (95% UI 65%-81%) of the DALYs attributable to these diseases. Overall, foodborne parasitic disease, excluding enteric protozoa, caused an estimated 23.2 million (95% UI 18.2–38.1 million) cases and 45,927 (95% UI 34,763–59,933) deaths annually resulting in an estimated 6.64 million (95% UI 5.61–8.41 million) DALYs. Foodborne Ascaris infection (12.3 million cases, 95% UI 8.29–22.0 million) and foodborne toxoplasmosis (10.3 million cases, 95% UI 7.40–14.9 million) were the most common foodborne parasitic diseases. Human cysticercosis with 2.78 million DALYs (95% UI 2.14–3.61 million), foodborne trematodosis with 2.02 million DALYs (95% UI 1.65–2.48 million) and foodborne toxoplasmosis with 825,000 DALYs (95% UI 561,000–1.26 million) resulted in the highest burdens in terms of DALYs, mainly due to years lived with disability. Foodborne enteric protozoa, reported elsewhere, resulted in an additional 67.2 million illnesses or 492,000 DALYs. Major limitations of our study include often substantial data gaps that had to be filled by imputation and suffer from the uncertainties that surround such models. Due to resource limitations it was also not possible to consider all potentially foodborne parasites (for example Trypanosoma cruzi). Conclusions Parasites are frequently transmitted to humans through contaminated food. These estimates represent an important step forward in understanding the impact of foodborne diseases globally and regionally. The disease burden due to most foodborne parasites is highly focal and results in significant morbidity and mortality among vulnerable populations.

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Moving knowledge into action for more effective practice, programmes and policy: protocol for a research programme on integrated knowledge translation

Ian Graham, Anita Kothari, Chris McCutcheon … (2018)

Background Health research is conducted with the expectation that it advances knowledge and eventually translates into improved health systems and population health. However, research findings are often caught in the know-do gap: they are not acted upon in a timely way or not applied at all. Integrated knowledge translation (IKT) is advanced as a way to increase the relevance, applicability and impact of research. With IKT, knowledge users work with researchers throughout the research process, starting with identification of the research question. Knowledge users represent those who would be able to use research results to inform their decisions (e.g. clinicians, managers, policy makers, patients/families and others). Stakeholders are increasingly interested in the idea that IKT generates greater and faster societal impact. Stakeholders are all those who are interested in the use of research results but may not necessarily use them for their own decision-making (e.g. governments, funders, researchers, health system managers and policy makers, patients and clinicians). Although IKT is broadly accepted, the actual research supporting it is limited and there is uncertainty about how best to conduct and support IKT. This paper presents a protocol for a programme of research testing the assumption that engaging the users of research in phases of its production leads to (a) greater appreciation of and capacity to use research; (b) the production of more relevant, useful and applicable research that results in greater impact; and (c) conditions under which it is more likely that research results will influence policy, managerial and clinical decision-making. Methods The research programme will adopt an interdisciplinary, international, cross-sector approach, using multiple and mixed methods to reflect the complex and social nature of research partnerships. We will use ongoing and future natural IKT experiments as multiple cases to study IKT in depth, and we will take advantage of the team’s existing relationships with provincial, national and international organizations. Case studies will be retrospective and prospective, and the 7-year grant period will enable longitudinal studies. The initiation of partnerships, funding processes, the research lifecycle and then outcomes/impacts post project will be studied in real time. These living laboratories will also allow testing of strategies to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the IKT approach. Discussion This is the first interdisciplinary, systematic and programmatic research study on IKT. The research will provide scientific evidence on how to reliably and validly measure collaborative research partnerships and their impacts. The proposed research will build the science base for IKT, assess its relationship with research use and identify best practices and appropriate conditions for conducting IKT to achieve the greatest impact. It will also train and mentor the next generation of IKT researchers.

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Elimination of Taenia solium Transmission in Northern Peru.

Hector H. Garcia, Armando E. Gonzalez, Víctor Tsang … (2016)

Taeniasis and cysticercosis are major causes of seizures and epilepsy. Infection by the causative parasite Taenia solium requires transmission between humans and pigs. The disease is considered to be eradicable, but data on attempts at regional elimination are lacking. We conducted a three-phase control program in Tumbes, Peru, to determine whether regional elimination would be feasible.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Gates Open Res

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Gates Open Res

Journal ID (pmc): Gates Open Res

Title: Gates Open Research

Publisher: F1000 Research Limited (London, UK )

ISSN (Electronic): 2572-4754

Publication date (Electronic): 26 September 2019

Publication date Collection: 2019

Volume: 3

Electronic Location Identifier: 1546

Affiliations

[1 ]School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia

[1 ]School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University Of Surrey, Guildford, UK

[1 ]National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico

Author notes

[a ] m.basanez@ 123456imperial.ac.uk

No competing interests were disclosed.

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Competing interests: Some of the authors and myself are members of the same consortium (the NTD modelling consortium). We work of different diseases and I have not been involved in the Cysticercosis work presented here. I confirm that this did not affect my ability to write an objective and unbiased review of the article.

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Article

DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13068.1

PMC ID: 6820453

SO-VID: 2da0cc22-8139-4064-ab78-acd0921e1372

License:

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

History

Date accepted : 13 September 2019

Funding

Funded by: Department for International Development, UK Government

Award ID: MR/R015600/1

Funded by: Medical Research Council

Award ID: MR/R015600/1

Funded by: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

Award ID: 1017866

Award ID: OPP1184344

Funded by: German Federal Ministry of Education and Research

Award ID: CYSTINET–Africa01KA1618

Award ID: SOLID01KA1617

This work was supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation through funding to the NTD Modelling Consortium [OPP1184344 to MW and MGB] and past funding to UCB, MVJ, VS, ASW, and WEH [1017886]. MAD is funded by the Medical Research Council Doctoral Training Programme (MRC DTP). MAD, PW and MGB acknowledge joint Centre funding from the UK Medical Research Council and Department for International Development [MR/R015600/1]. VS and ASW acknowledge joint funding from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) [CYSTINET–Africa 01KA1618 and SOLID 01KA1617].

The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

The World Health Organization 2030 goals for Taenia solium: Insights and perspectives from transmission dynamics modelling : CystiTeam Group for Epidemiology and Modelling of Taenia solium Taeniasis/Cysticercosis

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TKD - Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction

Most cited references 56

World Health Organization Estimates of the Global and Regional Disease Burden of 11 Foodborne Parasitic Diseases, 2010: A Data Synthesis

Moving knowledge into action for more effective practice, programmes and policy: protocol for a research programme on integrated knowledge translation

Elimination of Taenia solium Transmission in Northern Peru.

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