Mycobacterium bovis is the bovine tuberculosis (bTB) agent, which is still an important
infection in bovine herds. Apart from this, bTB is also a zoonotic disease, and human
beings can be infected by the consumption of non-pasteurised milk and its derivatives
(Michel and others 2010). Hence, bTB is still endemic worldwide (Humblet and others
2009).
The single intradermal test (SIT) is a worldwide diagnosis test, which is known to
lack from both sensitivity and specificity (de la Rua-Domenech and others 2006). In
order to augment the specificity of this test, a single intradermal comparative cervical
tuberculin (SICCT) test is often recommended for animals with inconclusive results
at an SIT (Medeiros and others 2010). Although the SICCT test represents an advance
in terms of increase in specificity, few advances were made in order to augment the
sensitivity of intradermal tests, referred to be 80–93 per cent (de la Rua-Domenech
and others 2006). Another important limitation of the intradermal tuberculin test
(ITT) refers to anergy, when animals in late stages of the disease present undetectable
cellular immune response and are consequently false-negative to the intradermal tests
(Medeiros and others 2010).
Even during an outbreak, once a cow is classified as negative by ITT, there is no
recommendation for additional tests. Since ITT-negative animals are not slaughtered,
additional investigation of these cows may be impaired by the difficulty in obtaining
samples from live animals. Nevertheless, that assumption would only be correct if
ITT was referred as 100 per cent sensitive, which is far from reality. Therefore,
that strategy usually leads to the misdiagnosis of false-negative animals in the herd,
jeopardising the control of the infection.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible shedding of M bovis by the
milk in SICCT-negative test cows during an outbreak of bTB.
Animals. A dairy herd with 77 adult (>six months) crossbreed Holstein-Gir cows in
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, that had been considered tuberculosis (TB)-free for the last
five years presented two SICCT-positive test cows on a routine test conducted after
the introduction of newly acquired cows. After a 90-day period, SICCT was conducted
on all the 77 animals. This research was submitted to the research and postgraduate
committee (CEPA-UFF), protocol 0234/12.
Intradermal tests. An SICCT test was conducted in accordance with the regulations
of the Brazilian Department of Agriculture (Brasil 2006). It was performed by injecting
0.1 ml of bovPPD (M bovis strain AN5, 1 mg protein per ml; Instituto Biológico, São
Paulo, SP, Brazil) in the cervical area of each cow, and 0.1 ml of avian PPD (Mycobacterium
avium strain D4, 0.5 mg protein per ml; Instituto Biológico) approximately 20 cm from
the bovPPD inoculation. After 72 hours, the site was measured with callipers and the
cow considered reactive if the difference between the thicknesses of both sites of
the inoculation were >4.0 mm, and inconclusive if that difference was between 2.0
and 3.9 mm.
Bacterial culture. Milk samples were obtained from all the eight lactating cows that
were SICCT-negative at the time of the collection. Each sample was mixed with 0.1
per cent of Tween 80. Five millilitres aliquots of each sample were decontaminated
by three different methods: 4 per cent NaOH (Petroff Method), 12 per cent H2SO4, 1.5
per cent cetylpyridinium chloride, according to Medeiros and others (2012). Samples
were centrifuged (4500 g/16 minutes); sediment was inoculated onto two slopes of a
solid, egg-based media (Lowenstein-Jensen with 0.5 per cent pyruvate). Cultures were
incubated at 37°C and observed weekly for 12 weeks. Suggestive colonies were confirmed
by the same PCR protocol described below.
PCR. Milk samples were tested by m-PCR that employed two sets of primers simultaneously:
the RvD1Rv2031c (500pb) specific for M bovis and IS6110 (245bp) sequence present in
all MTC species. Primers employed were: INS1 (5′-GTGAGGGCATCGAGGTGGC-3′) and INS2
(5′-GCGTAGGCGTCGGTGACAAA-3′) for MTC, JB21 (5′-TCGTCCGCTGATGCAAGTGC-3′) and JB22 (5′-CGTCCGCTGACCTCAAGAAAG-3′)
for M bovis (Invitrogen) (Figueiredo and others 2012).
SICCT tests revealed 17 (22.1 per cent) positive cows, while seven presented inconclusive
results (9.1 per cent). Five (62.5 per cent) out of the eight milk samples collected
from negative SICCT test cows were positive to M bovis; four of them only by PCR,
and only one by culture (Table 1).
TABLE 1:
Results of Mycobacterium bovis direct detection (PCR and bacteriological culture)
from milk samples obtained from eight cows that were negative to intradermal tuberculin
tests in a naturally infected herd
Animal
Milk PCR
Culture
001
Positive
Negative
014
Negative
Negative
019
Positive
Negative
020
Positive
Negative
023
Positive
Negative
027
Negative
Negative
049
Negative
Negative
054
Negative
Positive
After a period of 90 days, a new SICCT test was performed and two of those cows (001
and 049) were positive, while two others (019 and 023) were inconclusive; those four
cows were slaughtered and necropsied according to Brazilian law; and two of them (001
and 023) presented macroscopic characteristic lesions of bTB, that is, granulomas
with necrosis and caseosis or calcification in its centre in the lungs. Despite the
positive results on milk, the remaining four cows were not slaughtered.
Although M bovis has been extensively recovered from milk of cows from naturally infected
herds (Medeiros and others 2010), there is a lack of studies directed towards the
examination of the SICCT-negative test cow's milk. In India, Srivastava and others
(2008) isolated the bacterium from six out of 154 (3.9 per cent) milk samples; from
these samples, four were from SICCT-negative test cows.
PCR has been described as an important tool for the diagnosis of bTB, since it is
a rapid and sensitive method, diagnosing even samples with non-viable mycobacteria
(De la Rua-Domenech and others 2006, Medeiros and others 2010). Bacteriological culture
and PCR applied in parallel enhanced the efficacy of direct diagnosis of tuberculosis.
PCR for the detection of M bovis DNA in milk samples has been more commonly reported;
in Brazil, Figueiredo and others (2012) reported the identification of specific M
bovis DNA in 12 per cent of the milk samples obtained from SICCT-positive test cows.
In Argentina, Zumárraga and others (2012) reported positive results employing PCR
in milk samples from bulk tanks, from TB-suspected and also from certificated TB-free
herds. In those samples, no culture was obtained.
In conclusion, it has been demonstrated that ITTs were not enough to correctly identify
all the infected cows of the herd; therefore, during an outbreak situation, additional
tests of samples collected from SICCT-negative cows could collaborate for an adequate
control of the disease in the herd, reducing the possibility of affecting human beings
by the consumption of raw contaminated milk.