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      The Mechanosensory Role of Primary Cilia in Vascular Hypertension

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          Abstract

          Local regulation of vascular tone plays an important role in cardiovascular control of blood pressure. Aside from chemical or hormonal regulations, this local homeostasis is highly regulated by fluid-shear stress. It was previously unclear how vascular endothelial cells were able to sense fluid-shear stress. The cellular functions of mechanosensory cilia within vascular system have emerged recently. In particular, hypertension is insidious and remains a continuous problem that evolves during the course of polycystic kidney disease (PKD). The basic and clinical perspectives on primary cilia are discussed with regard to the pathogenesis of hypertension in PKD.

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          The structure and function of the endothelial glycocalyx layer.

          Sheldon Weinbaum, John M. Tarbell, Edward R Damiano (2007)
          Over the past decade, since it was first observed in vivo, there has been an explosion in interest in the thin (approximately 500 nm), gel-like endothelial glycocalyx layer (EGL) that coats the luminal surface of blood vessels. In this review, we examine the mechanical and biochemical properties of the EGL and the latest studies on the interactions of this layer with red and white blood cells. This includes its deformation owing to fluid shear stress, its penetration by leukocyte microvilli, and its restorative response after the passage of a white cell in a tightly fitting capillary. We also examine recently discovered functions of the EGL in modulating the oncotic forces that regulate the exchange of water in microvessels and the role of the EGL in transducing fluid shear stress into the intracellular cytoskeleton of endothelial cells, in the initiation of intracellular signaling, and in the inflammatory response.
          Article 0 comments Cited 296 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Filamins as integrators of cell mechanics and signalling.

            T Stossel, J Condeelis, L. Cooley … (2001)
            Filamins are large actin-binding proteins that stabilize delicate three-dimensional actin webs and link them to cellular membranes. They integrate cellular architectural and signalling functions and are essential for fetal development and cell locomotion. Here, we describe the history, structure and function of this group of proteins.
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              Mechanotransduction and endothelial cell homeostasis: the wisdom of the cell.

              Shu Chien (2007)
              Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) play significant roles in regulating circulatory functions. Mechanical stimuli, including the stretch and shear stress resulting from circulatory pressure and flow, modulate EC functions by activating mechanosensors, signaling pathways, and gene and protein expressions. Mechanical forces with a clear direction (e.g., the pulsatile shear stress and the uniaxial circumferential stretch existing in the straight part of the arterial tree) cause only transient molecular signaling of pro-inflammatory and proliferative pathways, which become downregulated when such directed mechanical forces are sustained. In contrast, mechanical forces without a definitive direction (e.g., disturbed flow and relatively undirected stretch seen at branch points and other regions of complex geometry) cause sustained molecular signaling of pro-inflammatory and proliferative pathways. The EC responses to directed mechanical stimuli involve the remodeling of EC structure to minimize alterations in intracellular stress/strain and elicit adaptive changes in EC signaling in the face of sustained stimuli; these cellular events constitute a feedback control mechanism to maintain vascular homeostasis and are atheroprotective. Such a feedback mechanism does not operate effectively in regions of complex geometry, where the mechanical stimuli do not have clear directions, thus placing these areas at risk for atherogenesis. The mechanotransduction-induced EC adaptive processes in the straight part of the aorta represent a case of the "Wisdom of the Cell," as a part of the more general concept of the "Wisdom of the Body" promulgated by Cannon, to maintain cellular homeostasis in the face of external perturbations.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Vasc Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IJVM
                Title: International Journal of Vascular Medicine
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 2090-2824
                ISSN (Electronic): 2090-2832
                Publication date (Print): 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 June 2011
                Volume: 2011
                Electronic Location Identifier: 376281
                Affiliations
                1Colleges of Medicine, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, HEB 274, 3000 Arlington Avenue MS 1015, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
                2Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Aaron S. Dumont

                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2011/376281
                PMC ID: 3124932
                PubMed ID: 21748021
                SO-VID: 2e09e10c-2e9e-42c7-bb01-c2cc9f705cfe
                Copyright © Copyright © 2011 Surya M. Nauli et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 12 January 2011
                Date revision received : 22 March 2011
                Date accepted : 9 April 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Cardiovascular Medicine
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Cardiovascular Medicine

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