For patients, surgical complications are analogous to "friendly fire" in wartime.
Both scenarios imply that harm is unintentionally done by somebody whose aim was to
help. One would assume that any patient admitted to a hospital to undergo a surgical
procedure should expect to be better off after the intervention than before. However,
while we, as surgeons, strive to achieve excellent results and ideal patient outcomes,
we fail this noble task more often than we appreciate [1]. Interestingly, adverse
events resulting from surgical interventions are more frequently related to mistakes
and failures before and after surgery than during the operative procedure itself [2].
A recently published analysis of the American College of Surgeons' closed claims study
revealed that at total of 97% of all events leading to medicolegal claims involved
a delay in diagnosis, a failure to diagnose, a delay in treatment, or a failure to
treat [2]. Technical errors resulting in surgical complications represent only about
half of all events leading to a claim [2]. Furthermore, out of 258 medicolegal claims
related to errors leading to surgical patient injuries, about 25% were attributed
to a breakdown in communication before, during, or after surgery [3].
Thus, the surgical patient appears to be more at risk of sustaining an adverse outcome
from clandestine system errors than by the imminent threat of the surgical blade "gone
wrong". For example, a patient being operated at the wrong site is a "classical" system
error much more than an individual human failure by a surgeon. Ten years ago, the
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons introduced a new standard of practice for
surgeons to mark the body part to be operated on, in order to prevent wrong site operations.
Meanwhile, the concept of a surgical "time-out" has been widely implemented in operating
rooms throughout the United States as an improved method to verify patient identity,
correct procedure, and intended-site operations [4,5]. Under these premises, the fact
that the surgical "time-out" paradigm has not yet been implemented as a standard of
care in most parts of the world, including Central Europe, appears incomprehensible
and ethically unacceptable from a patient safety standpoint. Unfortunately, the "culture
of blame" approach for dealing with individual surgical failures is still widely disseminated
and has not yet been globally replaced by a formal and standardized measurement of
process as a quality control tool in the management of surgical patients [6,7].
Despite the wide range of more than 200 official journals in the field of surgery,
there is currently no single medical journal available which specializes on the issue
of patient safety in surgery. In our opinion, this imbalance appears unjustified,
since iatrogenic complications and system errors represent a significant contributing
factor to morbidity and mortality after surgery. An evidence-based approach to quality
improvement in surgical care must include the analysis of incidence and pattern of
adverse events. This is particularly true for the analysis of "near-misses" (when
an error was realized early enough to be aborted) and "no harm" events (when an error
was not recognized in time to prevent it, but no adverse event occurred). Both scenarios
bear the intrinsic risk of being neglected or trivialized, instead of being reported
and reviewed as a "true" complication.
Patient Safety in Surgery (PSS) [8] is a peer-reviewed, open access, online journal
which covers all aspects related to patient safety in surgery, including, but not
limited to, surgical research (clinical and experimental), surgical technique, critical
care, trauma management, perioperative safety aspects (anesthesia, etc), system issues,
health care, nursing, political issues, as well as new products, new techniques, and
teaching concepts related to the field.
The aim of this new journal is to increase the safety and quality of care for patients
undergoing surgical procedures in all fields of surgery. The journal should complement
traditional journals in surgery by filling an essential void, through providing a
forum for discussion, analysis, and work-up of failures in the management of surgical
patients. This scientific forum should lower the threshold for reporting adverse events
in all fields of surgery with the long-term goal of increasing safety and quality
of care for patients undergoing surgical procedures.
We wish to promote the reporting of errors, failures, and complications in the clinical
management of surgical patients, while at the same time, we strive to protect the
confidentiality of patients, authors, and health care specialists. For this reason,
all reports which involve concrete individual cases, require a written consent from
the patients or their legal guardians as well as from those health care professionals
which were directly involved in patient care.
Patient Safety in Surgery follows a stringent, closed peer review process. Our renowned
international Editorial Board [9] will ensure a high quality peer review by qualified
experts in the field. Each submitted manuscript will first be screened by the Editors-in-Chief
for suitability. All manuscripts deemed suitable for peer review will be assigned
to at least two, usually three, expert referees. Authors will be requested to answer
all referees' comments on a point-by-point analysis. The Editors-in-Chief will decide
on whether to accept or reject a manuscript based on reviewer recommendations and
their assessment of the manuscript. A first decision is aimed to be made within six
weeks. Accepted articles will be published immediately online with their final citation
on the day of acceptance, and will soon after be listed in PubMed.
Patient Safety in Surgery is published by BioMed Central (BMC) [10], an independent,
open access publisher committed to ensuring that peer-reviewed biomedical research
is freely available online without any charges, subscriptions, or other barriers.
Recent reports have suggested that online open access journals represent the "future"
in biomedical publishing, since researchers throughout the world will find and select
relevant articles depending on their immediate and free availability over those with
imposed financial or other barriers [11,12]. Open access availability was furthermore
shown to correlate with the citation index and high impact factors once a new online
journal has been established and tracked by the Institute for Scientific Information
(ISI) for a defined period of time [12]. Finally, open access publishing is the future
way to disseminate biomedical information in developing countries which cannot afford
expensive institutional subscriptions to standard journals [13].
For this reason, Patient Safety in Surgery levies an article-processing charge (APC)
for each accepted article [14]. In turn, the authors keep the full copyright on their
published work, in contrast to traditional journals, which require a copyright release
to the publisher. Authors from resource-poor countries may apply for an APC waiver,
which is usually granted. Finally, all authors from institutions which are a BMC member
organization will have the APC covered in full or in part by their institutional membership
[10].
We believe that Patient Safety in Surgery will significantly impact the safety and
quality of care for patients undergoing surgical procedures in all fields of surgery
in the future. We urge you to consider submitting your next research article on the
topic to our new journal.
Competing interests
The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.