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      Coinoculación de Pinus montezumae (Pinaceae) con un hongo comestible ectomicorrízico y bacterias promotoras de crecimiento vegetal Translated title: Coinoculation of Pinus montezumae (Pinaceae) with an edible ectomycorrhizal fungus and plant growth promoting bacteria

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          Abstract

          Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: Las coníferas, como los pinos, establecen en sus raíces simbiosis obligadas con hongos ectomicorrízicos y con determinados grupos de bacterias. México posee una alta diversidad de especies del género Pinus, que en este país está representado por 72 taxa. Sin embargo, actualmente son escasas las investigaciones relacionadas con la coinoculación de pinos mexicanos con hongos ectomicorrízicos y bacterias benéficas. En este trabajo se evaluó el efecto de la coinoculación, con un hongo comestible ectomicorrízico y tres cepas bacterianas, en términos de variables de crecimiento, fisiológicas y nutrimentales en plantas de Pinus montezumae. Métodos: Se inocularon y coinocularon plantas de P. montezumae con el hongo comestible ectomicorrízico Laccaria laccata,y con tres cepas bacterianas, una de Cohnella sp., y dos de Azospirillum brasilense (una con capacidad de fijar nitrógeno y la otra con capacidad de solubilizar fosfatos). Esta investigación duró 520 días y se realizó en un invernadero del Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Estado de México, México. Resultados clave: La inoculación con el hongo ectomicorrízico produjo incrementos en términos de peso seco de hasta 7.8 veces y tasas fotosintéticas hasta 30 veces mayores comparadas con las plantas sin inocular. Adicionalmente se registró un efecto sinérgico en términos del crecimiento de parte área y total, diámetro del tallo, tasa fotosintética, contenido de clorofilas totales y carotenos, así como contenido de nitrógeno y potasio de las plantas micorrizadas coinoculadas con el hongo ectomicorrízico y la bacteria A. brasilense fijadora de nitrógeno. Conclusiones: Este trabajo demuestra la importancia de la coinoculación de un hongo ectomicorrízico comestible y la bacteria A. brasilense, en el mejoramiento del crecimiento, fisiología y contenido nutrimental de P. montezumae, una especie de pino de gran importancia forestal en México.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: Background and Aims: Conifers, such as pines, establish obligate symbioses with ectomycorrhizal fungi and specialized bacteria in their roots. Mexico has a high diversity of species of the genus Pinus, represented by 72 taxa in this country. However, currently the research related to the coinoculation of Mexican pines with ectomycorrhizal fungi and beneficial bacteria has received little attention. In this work, the effect of coinoculation with an edible ectomycorrhizal fungus and three bacterial strains was evaluated in terms of growth, physiological and nutritional variables in plants of Pinus montezumae. Methods: Pinus montezumae plants were inoculated and coinoculated with the edible ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria laccata, and with three identified bacterial strains: one as Cohnella sp., and two as Azospirillum brasilense (one able to fix nitrogen and the other one able to solubilize phosphates). This research lasted 520 days and was carried out in a greenhouse of the Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Mexico State, Mexico. Key results: Inoculation with the ectomycorrhizal fungus led to an increase in terms of dry weight of up to 7.8 times and photosynthetic rate up to 30 times higher compared with plants without any inoculation. Additionally, a synergistic effect was recorded in terms of shoot and total growth, stem diameter, photosynthetic rate, total chlorophyll and carotene content, as well as nitrogen and potassium content of the mycorrhized plants coinoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungus and the bacterium A. brasilense able to fix nitrogen. Conclusions: This work demonstrates the importance of the coinoculation of an edible ectomycorrhizal fungus and the bacterium A. brasilense, in terms of growth, physiology and nutritional content enhancement of P. montezumae, a pine species of great forest importance in Mexico.

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          Most cited references68

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          High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change.

          Quantification of global forest change has been lacking despite the recognized importance of forest ecosystem services. In this study, Earth observation satellite data were used to map global forest loss (2.3 million square kilometers) and gain (0.8 million square kilometers) from 2000 to 2012 at a spatial resolution of 30 meters. The tropics were the only climate domain to exhibit a trend, with forest loss increasing by 2101 square kilometers per year. Brazil's well-documented reduction in deforestation was offset by increasing forest loss in Indonesia, Malaysia, Paraguay, Bolivia, Zambia, Angola, and elsewhere. Intensive forestry practiced within subtropical forests resulted in the highest rates of forest change globally. Boreal forest loss due largely to fire and forestry was second to that in the tropics in absolute and proportional terms. These results depict a globally consistent and locally relevant record of forest change.
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            Mycorrhizas and nutrient cycling in ecosystems - a journey towards relevance?

            Progress towards understanding the extent to which mycorrhizal fungi are involved in the mobilization of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from natural substrates is reviewed here. While mycorrhiza research has emphasized the role of the symbiosis in facilitation of capture of these nutrients in ionic form, attention has shifted since the mid-1980s to analysing the mycorrhizal fungal abilities to release N and P from the detrital materials of microbial faunal and plant origins, which are the primary sources of these elements in terrestrial ecosystems. Ericoid, and some ectomycorrhizal fungi have the potential to be directly involved in attack both on structural polymers, which may render nutrients inaccessible, and in mobilization of N and P from the organic polymers in which they are sequestered. The advantages to the plant of achieving intervention in the microbial mobilization-immobilization cycles are stressed. While the new approaches may initially lack the precision achieved in studies of readily characterized ionic forms of N and P, they do provide insights of greater ecological relevance. The results support the hypothesis that selection has favoured ericoid and ectomycorrhizal systems with well developed saprotrophic capabilities in those ecosystems characterized by retention of N and P as organic complexes in the soil. The need for further investigation of the abilities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to intervene in nutrient mobilization processes is stressed.
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              The mycorrhiza helper bacteria revisited.

              In natural conditions, mycorrhizal fungi are surrounded by complex microbial communities, which modulate the mycorrhizal symbiosis. Here, the focus is on the so-called mycorrhiza helper bacteria (MHB). This concept is revisited, and the distinction is made between the helper bacteria, which assist mycorrhiza formation, and those that interact positively with the functioning of the symbiosis. After considering some examples of MHB from the literature, the ecological and evolutionary implications of the relationships of MHB with mycorrhizal fungi are discussed. The question of the specificity of the MHB effect is addressed, and an assessment is made of progress in understanding the mechanisms of the MHB effect, which has been made possible through the development of genomics. Finally, clear evidence is presented suggesting that some MHB promote the functioning of the mycorrhizal symbiosis. This is illustrated for three critical functions of practical significance: nutrient mobilization from soil minerals, fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, and protection of plants against root pathogens. The review concludes with discussion of future research priorities regarding the potentially very fruitful concept of MHB.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                abm
                Acta botánica mexicana
                Act. Bot. Mex
                Instituto de Ecología A.C., Centro Regional del Bajío (Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, Mexico )
                0187-7151
                2448-7589
                2022
                : 129
                : e2024
                Affiliations
                [1] Texcoco orgnameColegio de Postgraduados Mexico
                [3] Xalapa-Enríquez Veracruz orgnameInstituto de Ecología, A.C. orgdiv1Red de Manejo Biotecnológico de Recursos Mexico
                [2] Ciudad Universitaria orgnameBenemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla orgdiv1Instituto de Ciencias orgdiv2Laboratorio de Microbiología de Suelos Mexico
                Article
                S0187-71512022000100115 S0187-7151(22)00012900115
                10.21829/abm129.2022.2024
                2e5aa9de-fc03-4c21-b13a-e3716a73a831

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 11 May 2022
                : 10 February 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 68, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Artículos de investigación

                hongos comestibles ectomicorrízicos,bacterias,ectomycorrhizal symbiosis,biotechnology,bacteria,simbiosis ectomicorrízica,pinos,biotecnología,pines,edible ectomycorrhizal fungi

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