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      Bullying in Brazilian school children: analysis of the National Adolescent School-based Health Survey (PeNSE 2012) Translated title: Bullying em escolares brasileiros: análise da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE 2012)

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To describe the victimization and bullying practice in Brazilian school children, according to data from the National Adolescent School-based Health Survey and to compare the surveys from 2009 and 2012. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with univariate and multivariate analyzes of the following variables: to have been treated badly by colleagues, to have been bullied and to have bullied other children. The following independent variables were analyzed: age, sex, race/color, type of school, maternal education. Prevalence rates were compared between the editions of 2009 and 2012 of the survey. RESULTS: Of all the adolescents analyzed, 27.5% have not been treated well by peers at school, with greater frequency among boys (OR = 1.50), at the age of 15 years (OR = 1.29) and 16 (OR = 1.41), public school students (OR = 2.08), black (OR = 1.18) and whose mothers had less education; 7.2% reported having been bullied, with a greater chance in younger students (13 years old), male (OR = 1.26), black (OR = 1.15) and indigenous (OR = 1.16) and whose mothers had less education; 20.8% reported to have bullied other children, with a greater chance for older students, at the age of 14 (OR = 1.08) and 15 years (OR = 1.18), male (OR = 1.87), black (OR = 1.14) and yellow (OR = 1.15), children of mothers with higher education, private school students. There was an increase of bullying in the Brazilian capitals, from 5.4 to 6.8%, between 2009 and 2012. DISCUSSION: The occurrence of bullying reveals that the Brazilian school context is also becoming a space of reproduction of violence, in which it is crucial to act intersectorally and to articulate social protection networks, aiming to face this issue.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: Descrever a vitimização e a prática de bullying em escolares brasileiros, segundo dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE), e comparar a evolução entre as pesquisas de 2009 e 2012. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo transversal com análises univariadas e multivariadas das variáveis: não ser bem tratado, sofrer bullying e praticar bullying. Como variáveis independentes, foram analisadas: idade, sexo, raça/cor, tipo de escola, escolaridade materna. Foram comparadas as prevalências entre as edições da PeNSE de 2009 e 2012. RESULTADOS: Não foram bem tratados pelos colegas na escola 27,5% dos adolescentes, tendo sido maior a frequência entre meninos (OR = 1,50) mais velhos, 15 anos (OR = 1,29) e 16 anos (OR = 1,41), alunos de escolas públicas (OR = 2,08), de raça/cor preta (OR = 1,18) e cujas mães tinham menor escolaridade. Relatam ter sofrido bullying 7,2%, tendo sido a maior chance em alunos mais jovens (13 anos) do sexo masculino (OR = 1,26), da raça/cor preta (OR = 1,15) e indígena (OR = 1,16) e cujas mães apresentaram menor escolaridade. A prática de bullying foi relatada por 20,8% e mostrou maior chance em alunos mais velhos, 14 anos (OR = 1,08) e 15 anos (OR = 1,18), do sexo masculino (OR = 1,87), raça/cor preta (OR = 1,14) e amarela (OR = 1,15), filhos de mães com maior escolaridade e alunos de escola privada. Ocorreu aumento de bullying nas capitais, passando de 5,4 para 6,8% entre 2009 e 2012. DISCUSSÃO: A ocorrência de bullying revela que o contexto escolar brasileiro também tem se tornado um espaço de reprodução da violência, sendo fundamental atuar de forma intersetorial e articulando redes de proteção social, visando seu enfrentamento.

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          Developmental trajectories of bullying and associated factors.

          Trajectories in bullying through adolescence were studied along with individual, family, and peer relationship factors. At the outset, participants' ages ranged from 10 to 14; 74% identified as European Canadian with the remainder from diverse backgrounds. With 8 waves of data over 7 years, 871 students (466 girls and 405 boys) were studied to reveal 4 trajectories: 9.9% reported consistently high levels of bullying, 13.4% reported early moderate levels desisting to almost no bullying at the end of high school, 35.1% reported consistently moderate levels, and 41.6% almost never reported bullying. Students who bullied had elevated risks in individual, parent, and peer relationship domains. Risk profiles and trajectories provide direction for interventions to curtail the development of power and aggression in relationships.
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            Bullying: comportamento agressivo entre estudantes

            OBJETIVO: Alertar os pediatras sobre a alta prevalência da prática de bullying entre estudantes, conscientizando-os da importância de sua atuação na prevenção, diagnóstico e tratamento dos possíveis danos à saúde e ao desenvolvimento de crianças e adolescentes, além da necessidade em orientar as famílias e a sociedade para o enfrentamento da forma mais freqüente de violência juvenil. FONTE DE DADOS: Foram acessados bancos de dados bibliográficos e páginas de relevância na Internet, identificando-se artigos e textos recentes sobre o tema. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: O comportamento agressivo entre estudantes é um problema universal, tradicionalmente admitido como natural e freqüentemente ignorado ou não valorizado pelos adultos. Estudos realizados nas 2 últimas décadas demonstraram que a sua prática pode ter conseqüências negativas imediatas e tardias para todas as crianças e adolescentes direta ou indiretamente envolvidos. A adoção de programas preventivos continuados em escolas de educação infantil e de ensino fundamental tem demonstrado ser uma das medidas mais efetivas na prevenção do consumo de álcool e drogas e na redução da violência social. CONCLUSÃO: A prevenção do bullying entre estudantes constitui-se em uma necessária medida de saúde pública, capaz de possibilitar o pleno desenvolvimento de crianças e adolescentes, habilitando-os a uma convivência social sadia e segura.
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              Cumulative violence exposure and self-rated health: longitudinal study of adolescents in the United States.

              The goal was to determine whether cumulative exposure to violence in childhood and adolescence contributes to disparities in self-rated health among a nationally representative sample of US adolescents. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 is an ongoing, 8-year (1997-2004), longitudinal, cohort study of youths who were 12 to 18 years of age at baseline (N = 8224). Generalized estimating equations were constructed to investigate the relationship between cumulative exposure to violence and risk for poor health. At baseline, 75% of subjects reported excellent or very good health, 21.5% reported good health, and 4.5% reported fair or poor health. Cumulative violence exposures (witnessed gun violence, threat of violence, repeated bullying, perceived safety, and criminal victimization) were associated with a graded increase in risk for poor health and reduced the strength of the relationship between household income and poor health. In comparison with subjects with no violence exposure, risk for poor self-rated health was 4.6 times greater among subjects who reported >or=5 forms of cumulative exposure to violence, controlling for demographic features and household income. Trend analysis revealed that, for each additional violence exposure, the risk of poor health increased by 38%. Adjustment for alcohol use, drug use, smoking, depressive symptoms, and family and neighborhood environment reduced the strength of the relationships between household income and cumulative exposure to violence scores and poor self-rated health, which suggests partial mediation of the effects of socioeconomic status and cumulative exposure to violence by these factors. In this nationally representative sample, social inequality in risk for poor self-rated health during the transition from adolescence to adulthood was partially attributable to disparities in cumulative exposure to violence. A strong graded association was noted between cumulative exposure to violence and poor self-rated health in adolescence and young adulthood.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbepid
                Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia
                Rev. bras. epidemiol.
                Associação Brasileira de Pós -Graduação em Saúde Coletiva (São Paulo )
                1415-790X
                2014
                : 17
                : suppl 1
                : 92-105
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Ministry of Health Jamaica
                [2 ] Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Brazil
                [3 ] Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics Brazil
                [4 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                [5 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S1415-790X2014000300092
                10.1590/1809-4503201400050008
                2e720cec-7dc4-483a-9fec-208ff32ef69f

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1415-790X&lng=en
                Categories
                Health Policy & Services

                Public health
                Bullying,Violence,Adolescent,School health,Descriptive epidemiology,Population surveys,Violência,Adolescência,Saúde escolar,Epidemiologia descritiva,Inquéritos poupulacionais

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