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      Reconsideration and upgrading of sampling and analysis methods for avoiding measurement-related design and operation failures in wastewater treatment

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          Abstract

          Success of design and high operational efficiency may basically stand or fall on the quality of measured (or estimated) input data. Even small mistakes committed in the initial steps of sampling and analysis may become large once scaled up in the design process or during full-scale operation. The paper provides several experiment-based practical recommendations and easily implemented, powerful methods for appropriate sampling and analysis practice in wastewater treatment. Representative wastewater characterization is crucial for satisfactory design and cost-effective operation. The paper highlights hidden problems and challenges of sampling and analysis in activated sludge wastewater treatment which may strongly affect the quality of input data, and thus basically determine the modelling outputs. Full-scale results proved that wastewater quality may change significantly in the sampling tubing and vessels; during the sampling process even nitrification can happen. Regarding sludge settling measurements, effects of dilution, temperature, floc structure, nitrate and dissolved oxygen concentrations as well as current biochemical condition of the sludge sample have been studied and important recommendations provided. A combined comparative method including SVI and DSVI measurements has been elaborated for indication and early warning alert of undesired floc structure transformations. Influent BOD5 concentration is a key factor for describing biodegradability and denitrification capacity of wastewater to be treated. Results of the two most commonly used BOD testing methods were compared for preclarified wastewater. An electrochemical measurement technique provided significantly lower BOD5 concentrations compared to manometric analysis results with a difference of 23% and 15% on average for unfiltered and filtered samples, respectively. Effects of BOD-based fractionation deviations on predictable denitrification efficiency were studied at different inlet C/N ratios by simulating existing full-scale wastewater treatment plants resulting in remarkable differences in effluent nitrate concentrations. Based on the results, application of the manometric BOD measurement method proved to be preferable.

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          Most cited references14

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          A general model for single-sludge wastewater treatment systems

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            Critical review of activated sludge modeling: state of process knowledge, modeling concepts, and limitations.

            This work critically reviews modeling concepts for standard activated sludge wastewater treatment processes (e.g., hydrolysis, growth and decay of organisms, etc.) for some of the most commonly used models. Based on a short overview on the theoretical biochemistry knowledge this review should help model users to better understand (i) the model concepts used; (ii) the differences between models, and (iii) the limits of the models. The seven analyzed models are: (1) ASM1; (2) ASM2d; (3) ASM3; (4) ASM3 + BioP; (5) ASM2d + TUD; (6) Barker & Dold model; and (7) UCTPHO+. Nine standard processes are distinguished and discussed in the present work: hydrolysis; fermentation; ordinary heterotrophic organisms (OHO) growth; autotrophic nitrifying organisms (ANO) growth; OHO & ANO decay; poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA) storage; polyphosphate (polyP) storage; phosphorus accumulating organisms PAO) growth; and PAO decay. For a structured comparison, a new schematic representation of these processes is proposed. Each process is represented as a reaction with consumed components on the left of the figure and produced components on the right. Standardized icons, based on shapes and color codes, enable the representation of the stoichiometric modeling concepts and kinetics. This representation allows highlighting the conceptual differences of the models, and the level of simplification between the concepts and the theoretical knowledge. The model selection depending on their theoretical limitations and the main research needs to increase the model quality are finally discussed.
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              Experience with guidelines for wastewater characterisation in The Netherlands

              In this paper experiences and results are presented with guidelines for wastewater characterisation that are standardised in the Netherlands for modelling purposes with ASM. The wastewater characterisation is based on a physical-chemical method to characterise the soluble and particulate fractions, combined with a BOD-analysis for characterising the biodegradable fraction of the influent COD. By following the guidelines, a sufficiently detailed and practical characterisation is obtained, and the results can be used for simulation studies on treatment plants for process optimisation, trouble-shooting and design assistance. At present, five years of experience is gained with the guidelines and they were used for the simulation of circa 100 treatment plants. The guidelines are evaluated as simple and easy to implement in routine analysis programs.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                wsa
                Water SA
                Water SA
                Water Research Commission (WRC) (Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa )
                0378-4738
                1816-7950
                July 2019
                : 45
                : 3
                : 329-337
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameBudapest University of Technology and Economics orgdiv1Dept. Applied Biotechnology and Food Science Hungary
                [02] orgnameBudapest Waterworks Pte. Ltd orgdiv1Budapest Central Wastewater Treatment Plant orgdiv2Dept. Sewage Operations Hungary
                Article
                S1816-79502019000300003
                10.17159/wsa/2019.v45.i3.6729
                2e75ebfb-fff5-460b-bf99-d275ba5bf81b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 14 June 2019
                : 04 April 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 24, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO South Africa

                Categories
                Research Papers

                wastewater sampling,measurement errors,data accuracy,sludge volume index,biochemical oxygen demand,activated sludge model

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