Association of Depressive Symptoms With Incident Cardiovascular Diseases in Middle-Aged and Older Chinese Adults

Key Points

Question

Are depressive symptoms associated with incident cardiovascular disease among middle-aged and older Chinese adults?

Findings

In this cohort study of 12 417 Chinese adults, participants with depressive symptoms at baseline had higher incident rates of cardiovascular disease compared with those without such symptoms. Elevated depressive symptoms as a whole and 2 individual symptoms (restless sleep and loneliness) were significantly associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease after adjusting for potential confounders.

Meaning

This study suggests that depressive symptoms, particularly restless sleep and loneliness, may be associated with incident cardiovascular disease among middle-aged and older Chinese adults.

Abstract

This cohort study examines the association between depressive symptoms and incident cardiovascular disease among middle-aged and older Chinese adults.

Abstract

Importance

The prevalence of depressive symptoms among older adults has become an increasingly important public health priority. Elevated depressive symptoms are well documented among elderly people with cardiovascular disease (CVD), but studies conducted among Chinese adults are scarce.

Objective

To estimate the association between depressive symptoms and incident CVD among middle-aged and older Chinese adults.

Design, Setting, and Participants

The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study is an ongoing nationally representative prospective cohort study that was initiated in 2011. This cohort study included 12 417 middle-aged and older Chinese adults without heart disease and stroke at baseline. Statistical analysis was conducted from April 25, 2018, to December 13, 2018.

Exposure

Depressive symptoms were assessed using the validated 10-item of Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Incident CVD (ie, self-reported physician-diagnosed heart disease and stroke combined) was followed-up from June 1, 2011, to June 31, 2015. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale total score ranges from 0 to 30, with a score of 12 or more indicating elevated depressive symptoms.

Results

Of the 12 417 participants (mean [SD] age at baseline, 58.40 [9.51] years), 6113 (49.2%) were men. During the 4 years of follow-up, 1088 incident CVD cases were identified. Elevated depressive symptoms were independently associated with an increased CVD risk (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.22-1.58) after adjusting for age, sex, residence, marital status, educational level, smoking status, drinking status, systolic blood pressure, and body mass index; history of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and chronic kidney disease; and use of hypertension medications, diabetes medications, and lipid-lowering therapy. Of the 10 individual depressive symptoms measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, only 2 symptoms, restless sleep (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.06-1.39) and loneliness (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.02-1.44), were significantly associated with incident CVD.

Conclusions and Relevance

Elevated depressive symptoms overall and 2 individual symptoms (restless sleep and loneliness) were significantly associated with incident CVD among middle-aged and older Chinese adults.