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      Association of active/passive smoking and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene with poor sleep quality: A cross-sectional survey among Chinese male enterprise workers

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          Abstract

          INTRODUCTION

          Tobacco use has been implicated as an important factor for poor sleep quality. However, in most studies, the sleep quality of smokers was only assessed though a self-reported questionnaire, without measuring any internal biomarkers that reflect the levels of tobacco exposure. We examined the association of active and passive smoking with sleep quality, assessed smoking exposure using urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HOP) as an internal biomarker, and further explored the relationship between 1-HOP and sleep quality.

          METHODS

          A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Liuzhou city, Guangxi, China. A total of 1787 male enterprise workers were enrolled. The smoking attribute data were collected by self-reported questionnaire, and individual sleep quality was evaluated through the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The concentration of urinary 1-HOP was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography.

          RESULTS

          Compared with non-smoking, active smoking and passive smoking were significantly associated with long sleep latency (odds ratio, OR=1.84, 95% confidence interval, CI=1.28–2.64; 1.45, 1.00–2.11, respectively), short sleep duration (OR=2.72, 95% CI=1.45–5.09; 1.94, 1.01–3.71, respectively), daytime dysfunction (OR=1.54, 95% CI=1.10–2.17; 1.44, 1.02–2.03, respectively), and overall poor sleep quality with PSQI total score >5 (OR=1.41, 95% CI=1.05–1.88; 1.34, 1.00–1.79, respectively). Compared with non-smokers, active smokers had higher urinary 1-OHP concentrations that were significant (p=0.004), while passive smokers had no significant difference in urinary 1-OHP concentration (p=0.344). The high concentration group was significantly associated with daytime dysfunction and overall poor sleep quality with PSQI total score >5 (OR = 1.73, 95% CI=1.06–2.81; 1.76, 1.18–2.63, respectively).

          CONCLUSIONS

          Both active smoking and passive smoking are risk factors for poor sleep quality among Chinese male enterprise workers. Active smokers had significantly higher levels of urinary 1-OHP than non-smokers, and high concentration of 1-OHP was associated with daytime dysfunction and overall poor sleep quality.

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          Most cited references47

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          The family APGAR: a proposal for a family function test and its use by physicians.

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            Exercise and sleep.

            This paper reviews the literature on the association between exercise and sleep. The epidemiological and experimental evidence for whether or not acute and chronic exercise promote sleep is discussed, as well as moderating factors and agendas for future directions of study. The expectation that exercise will benefit sleep can partly be attributed to traditional hypotheses that sleep serves energy conservation, body restoration or thermoregulatory functions, all of which have guided much of the research in this field. Exercise is a complex activity that can be beneficial to general well-being but may also stress the body. Differences in the exercise protocols studied (e.g. aerobic or anaerobic, intensity, duration) and interactions between individual characteristics (e.g. fitness, age and gender) cloud the current experimental evidence supporting a sleep-enhancing effect of exercise. In addition, the tendency to study changes in small groups of good sleepers may also underestimate the efficacy of exercise for promoting sleep. Athough only moderate effect sizes have been noted, meta-analytical techniques have shown that exercise increased total sleep time and delayed REM sleep onset (10 min), increased slow-wave sleep (SWS) and reduced REM sleep (2-5 min). The sleep-promoting efficacy of exercise in normal and clinical populations has yet to be established empirically.
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              Associations of frequent sleep insufficiency with health-related quality of life and health behaviors.

              Sleep-related problems, which affect 50-70 million Americans, involve all areas of life, including cognitive performance, emotional well-being, work and leisure-time activities, and general physical and mental well-being. We examined the association of insufficient sleep with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and health behaviors. Data were obtained from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, an ongoing, state-based, random-digit telephone survey of the non-institutionalized US population aged >or =18 years. In 2002, HRQOL measures were administered in 18 states and the District of Columbia, yielding complete responses to questions regarding sleep and demographic characteristics from 98% of study participants (n=79,625). An estimated 26% of adults reported frequent (> or =14 days in the past 30 days) sleep insufficiency. They were significantly more likely than those without frequent sleep insufficiency to report fair/poor general health, frequent physical distress, frequent mental distress, activity limitations, depressive symptoms, anxiety, and pain. In addition, they were significantly more likely to smoke, to be physically inactive, to be obese, and, among men, to drink heavily. Insufficient sleep is associated with a variety of adverse health behaviors and impairment in all HRQOL domains investigated. Accordingly, assessment of sleep appears to be an important component of general medical care. Moreover, expanded assessment of sleep in the general population may provide a better understanding of prevalence of impaired sleep and its many implications.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Tob Induc Dis
                Tob Induc Dis
                TID
                Tobacco Induced Diseases
                European Publishing on behalf of the International Society for the Prevention of Tobacco Induced Diseases (ISPTID)
                2070-7266
                1617-9625
                22 May 2018
                2018
                : 16
                : 23
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
                [2 ]Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
                [3 ]AIDS Prevention and Control Institute, Liuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Liuzhou, China
                [4 ]Department of Physical Examination, Guangxi Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Nanning, China
                [5 ]Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, China
                [6 ]Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
                Author notes
                CORRESPONDENCE TO Yunfeng Zou. Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China. E-mail: email_zyf@ 123456163.com
                Kaiyong Huang. Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China. E-mail: huangka0319@ 123456sina.com

                ABBREVIATIONS 1-HOP: 1-hydroxypyrene, BMI: body mass index, CI: confidence interval, GHQ-12: 12-item version of the General Health Questionnaire, HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography, PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PAHs: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, SHS: secondhand smoke

                Article
                23
                10.18332/tid/90004
                6659545
                31516423
                2e94cd15-1763-4604-861d-4b6ea3299abb
                © 2018 Zhou B

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 23 December 2017
                : 17 April 2018
                : 17 April 2018
                Categories
                Research Paper

                Respiratory medicine
                sleep quality,active smoking,passive smoking,1-hydroxypyrene
                Respiratory medicine
                sleep quality, active smoking, passive smoking, 1-hydroxypyrene

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