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      Climate change and marine vertebrates.

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          Abstract

          Climate change impacts on vertebrates have consequences for marine ecosystem structures and services. We review marine fish, mammal, turtle, and seabird responses to climate change and discuss their potential for adaptation. Direct and indirect responses are demonstrated from every ocean. Because of variation in research foci, observed responses differ among taxonomic groups (redistributions for fish, phenology for seabirds). Mechanisms of change are (i) direct physiological responses and (ii) climate-mediated predator-prey interactions. Regional-scale variation in climate-demographic functions makes range-wide population dynamics challenging to predict. The nexus of metabolism relative to ecosystem productivity and food webs appears key to predicting future effects on marine vertebrates. Integration of climate, oceanographic, ecosystem, and population models that incorporate evolutionary processes is needed to prioritize the climate-related conservation needs for these species.

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          Ecological and Evolutionary Responses to Recent Climate Change

          Camille Parmesan (2006)
          Ecological changes in the phenology and distribution of plants and animals are occurring in all well-studied marine, freshwater, and terrestrial groups. These observed changes are heavily biased in the directions predicted from global warming and have been linked to local or regional climate change through correlations between climate and biological variation, field and laboratory experiments, and physiological research. Range-restricted species, particularly polar and mountaintop species, show severe range contractions and have been the first groups in which entire species have gone extinct due to recent climate change. Tropical coral reefs and amphibians have been most negatively affected. Predator-prey and plant-insect interactions have been disrupted when interacting species have responded differently to warming. Evolutionary adaptations to warmer conditions have occurred in the interiors of species' ranges, and resource use and dispersal have evolved rapidly at expanding range margins. Observed genetic shifts modulate local effects of climate change, but there is little evidence that they will mitigate negative effects at the species level.
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            Impact of climate change on marine pelagic phenology and trophic mismatch.

            Martin Edwards, Anthony Richardson (2004)
            Phenology, the study of annually recurring life cycle events such as the timing of migrations and flowering, can provide particularly sensitive indicators of climate change. Changes in phenology may be important to ecosystem function because the level of response to climate change may vary across functional groups and multiple trophic levels. The decoupling of phenological relationships will have important ramifications for trophic interactions, altering food-web structures and leading to eventual ecosystem-level changes. Temperate marine environments may be particularly vulnerable to these changes because the recruitment success of higher trophic levels is highly dependent on synchronization with pulsed planktonic production. Using long-term data of 66 plankton taxa during the period from 1958 to 2002, we investigated whether climate warming signals are emergent across all trophic levels and functional groups within an ecological community. Here we show that not only is the marine pelagic community responding to climate changes, but also that the level of response differs throughout the community and the seasonal cycle, leading to a mismatch between trophic levels and functional groups.
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              Climate change affects marine fishes through the oxygen limitation of thermal tolerance.

              Hans Pörtner, Rainer Knust (2007)
              A cause-and-effect understanding of climate influences on ecosystems requires evaluation of thermal limits of member species and of their ability to cope with changing temperatures. Laboratory data available for marine fish and invertebrates from various climatic regions led to the hypothesis that, as a unifying principle, a mismatch between the demand for oxygen and the capacity of oxygen supply to tissues is the first mechanism to restrict whole-animal tolerance to thermal extremes. We show in the eelpout, Zoarces viviparus, a bioindicator fish species for environmental monitoring from North and Baltic Seas (Helcom), that thermally limited oxygen delivery closely matches environmental temperatures beyond which growth performance and abundance decrease. Decrements in aerobic performance in warming seas will thus be the first process to cause extinction or relocation to cooler waters.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Science
                Title: Science (New York, N.Y.)
                ISSN (Electronic): 1095-9203
                ISSN (Print): 0036-8075
                Publication date (Electronic): Nov 13 2015
                Volume: 350
                Issue: 6262
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Farallon Institute for Advanced Ecosystem Research, Petaluma, CA 94952, USA. Bodega Marine Laboratory/University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA. wsydeman@faralloninstitute.org.
                [2 ] Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane QLD 4102, Australia. Global Change Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia.
                [3 ] School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
                [4 ] Farallon Institute for Advanced Ecosystem Research, Petaluma, CA 94952, USA. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: 350/6262/772
                DOI: 10.1126/science.aac9874
                PubMed ID: 26564847
                SO-VID: 2e96dbb4-0285-4f92-8034-0454210322e4
                Copyright © Copyright © 2015, American Association for the Advancement of Science.
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