For Publishers
DiscoveryMetadataPeer reviewHostingPublishing
For Researchers
JoinPublishReviewCollect
Register
Blog
About
Search
Advanced search
My ScienceOpen
Search
For Publishers
For Researchers
Blog
About
30
views
27
references
 Top references
cited by
49
    
0 reviews
 Review
0
comments
 Comment
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
1 collections
    0
    shares
      119
      similar
       All similar
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      The Prevalence and Impact of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (Menorrhagia) in Elite and Non-Elite Athletes

      research-article

      Read this article at

      ScienceOpenPublisherPMC
      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          To identify the prevalence and impact of heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) in exercising females where anemia may have a significant effect on training and performance a ‘Female Health Questionnaire’ was designed incorporating a validated diagnostic HMB series, demographics, exercise ability data, training status, anemia, iron supplementation and whether the menstrual cycle had affected training and performance. The survey was conducted in two stages; initially online, advertised via social media, and then repeated via face-to-face interviews with runners registered for the 2015 London Marathon. 789 participants responded to the online survey, and 1073 completed the survey at the marathon. HMB was reported by half of those online (54%), and by more than a third of the marathon runners (36%). Surprisingly, HMB was also prevalent amongst elite athletes (37%). Overall, 32% of exercising females reported a history of anemia, and 50% had previously supplemented with iron. Only a minority (22%) had sought medical advice. HMB is highly prevalent in exercising females, associated with self-reported anemia, increased use of iron supplementation and a perceived negative impact on performance. Further research is needed to investigate the impact of HMB, iron deficiency and anemia in exercising females.

          Related collections

          Most cited references27

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          The IOC consensus statement: beyond the Female Athlete Triad--Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S).

          Naama Constantini, Sandra Burke, Susan Carter … (2014)
          Protecting the health of the athlete is a goal of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The IOC convened an expert panel to update the 2005 IOC Consensus Statement on the Female Athlete Triad. This Consensus Statement replaces the previous and provides guidelines to guide risk assessment, treatment and return-to-play decisions. The IOC expert working group introduces a broader, more comprehensive term for the condition previously known as 'Female Athlete Triad'. The term 'Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport' (RED-S), points to the complexity involved and the fact that male athletes are also affected. The syndrome of RED-S refers to impaired physiological function including, but not limited to, metabolic rate, menstrual function, bone health, immunity, protein synthesis, cardiovascular health caused by relative energy deficiency. The cause of this syndrome is energy deficiency relative to the balance between dietary energy intake and energy expenditure required for health and activities of daily living, growth and sporting activities. Psychological consequences can either precede RED-S or be the result of RED-S. The clinical phenomenon is not a 'triad' of the three entities of energy availability, menstrual function and bone health, but rather a syndrome that affects many aspects of physiological function, health and athletic performance. This Consensus Statement also recommends practical clinical models for the management of affected athletes. The 'Sport Risk Assessment and Return to Play Model' categorises the syndrome into three groups and translates these classifications into clinical recommendations.
          Article 0 comments Cited 219 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            American College of Sports Medicine position stand. The female athlete triad.

            Aurelia Nattiv, Anne B Loucks, Melinda Manore … (2007)
            The female athlete triad (Triad) refers to the interrelationships among energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density, which may have clinical manifestations including eating disorders, functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. With proper nutrition, these same relationships promote robust health. Athletes are distributed along a spectrum between health and disease, and those at the pathological end may not exhibit all these clinical conditions simultaneously. Energy availability is defined as dietary energy intake minus exercise energy expenditure. Low energy availability appears to be the factor that impairs reproductive and skeletal health in the Triad, and it may be inadvertent, intentional, or psychopathological. Most effects appear to occur below an energy availability of 30 kcal.kg(-1) of fat-free mass per day. Restrictive eating behaviors practiced by girls and women in sports or physical activities that emphasize leanness are of special concern. For prevention and early intervention, education of athletes, parents, coaches, trainers, judges, and administrators is a priority. Athletes should be assessed for the Triad at the preparticipation physical and/or annual health screening exam, and whenever an athlete presents with any of the Triad's clinical conditions. Sport administrators should also consider rule changes to discourage unhealthy weight loss practices. A multidisciplinary treatment team should include a physician or other health-care professional, a registered dietitian, and, for athletes with eating disorders, a mental health practitioner. Additional valuable team members may include a certified athletic trainer, an exercise physiologist, and the athlete's coach, parents and other family members. The first aim of treatment for any Triad component is to increase energy availability by increasing energy intake and/or reducing exercise energy expenditure. Nutrition counseling and monitoring are sufficient interventions for many athletes, but eating disorders warrant psychotherapy. Athletes with eating disorders should be required to meet established criteria to continue exercising, and their training and competition may need to be modified. No pharmacological agent adequately restores bone loss or corrects metabolic abnormalities that impair health and performance in athletes with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea.
            Article 0 comments Cited 169 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              A systematic review evaluating health-related quality of life, work impairment, and health-care costs and utilization in abnormal uterine bleeding.

              Zhimei Liu, Quan Doan, Paul Blumenthal … (2015)
              Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) impacts women's health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and puts a heavy economic burden on society. To date, this burden has not been systematically studied. We conducted a systematic review of the medical literature to evaluate the impact of AUB on HRQoL and to quantify the economic burden of AUB from a societal perspective. We searched the PubMed and Cochrane databases, and article bibliographies for the period up to July 2005. Teams of two reviewers independently abstracted data from studies that reported outcomes of interest: prevalence, HRQoL, work impairment, and health-care utilization and costs associated with AUB. The search yielded 1009 English-language articles. Ninety-eight studies (including randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and reviews) that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria underwent a full-text review. The prevalence of AUB among women of reproductive age ranged from 10% to 30%. The HRQoL scores from the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey Questionnaire (SF-36) suggested that women with AUB have HRQoL below the 25th percentile of that for the general female population within a similar age range. The conservatively estimated annual direct and indirect economic costs of AUB were approximately $1 billion and $12 billion, respectively. These figures do not account for intangible costs and productivity loss due to presenteeism. The burden of AUB needs further and more thorough investigation. Additional research should prospectively evaluate the impact of AUB and the value of treatment provided to help guide future health resource allocation and clinical decision-making.
              Article 0 comments Cited 87 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
                Bookmark
                All references

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Stephen L. Clarke: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 February 2016
                Publication date Collection: 2016
                Volume: 11
                Issue: 2
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0149881
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
                [2 ]School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary’s University, Twickenham, United Kingdom
                [3 ]Orreco Ltd, Institute of Technology, Sligo, Ireland
                [4 ]English Institute of Sport, Loughborough, United Kingdom
                Oklahoma State University, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: Three of the authors are affiliated to the commercial company Orreco Ltd, however this does not alter the authors' adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: GB RB NB TR CP. Performed the experiments: GB. Analyzed the data: GB RB NB TR CP. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: GB RB NB TR CP. Wrote the paper: GB RB NB TR CP.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-15-46948
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149881
                PMC ID: 4763330
                PubMed ID: 26901873
                SO-VID: 2eba2a32-8afd-4e42-ad2a-22191f21cd0b
                Copyright © © 2016 Bruinvels et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 15 November 2015
                Date accepted : 6 February 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 2, Pages: 8
                Funding
                The author(s) received no specific funding for this work, however a number of the authors are affiliated to the commercial company Orreco Ltd. The funder provided support in the form of salaries for authors [GB, RB and CP], but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the 'author contributions' section.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Hematology
                Subject: Anemia
                Subject: Iron Deficiency Anemia
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Hematology
                Subject: Anemia
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Nutrition
                Subject: Nutritional Deficiencies
                Subject: Iron Deficiency
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Nutrition
                Subject: Nutritional Deficiencies
                Subject: Iron Deficiency
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Research Design
                Subject: Survey Research
                Subject: Surveys
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Behavior
                Subject: Human Performance
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Endocrinology
                Subject: Endocrine Physiology
                Subject: Menstrual Cycle
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Endocrine Physiology
                Subject: Menstrual Cycle
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Endocrine Physiology
                Subject: Menstrual Cycle
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Reproductive Physiology
                Subject: Menstrual Cycle
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Reproductive Physiology
                Subject: Menstrual Cycle
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Subject: Signs and Symptoms
                Subject: Hemorrhage
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Vascular Medicine
                Subject: Hemorrhage
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Research Design
                Subject: Survey Research
                Subject: Questionnaires
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

                Comments

                Comment on this article

                scite_

                Similar content119

                See all similar

                Cited by49

                See all cited by

                Most referenced authors287

                See all reference authors