CALIDAD DEL AGUA PARA RIEGO EN UNA ZONA NOGALERA DEL ESTADO DE CHIHUAHUA

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Abstract

Resumen El cultivo de nogal pecanero es muy importante por su impacto económico en la región norte de México. La aplicación de agua en las huertas proveniente de pozos agrícolas con alto contenido de sales propicia su acumulación en el suelo, dificultando su movilidad hacia las raíces de los árboles. Con el propósito de analizar químicamente la composición del agua de riego en la región nogalera del sur de Chihuahua y contrastarla con las normas mexicanas vigentes se realiza la siguiente investigación. El muestreo se llevó a cabo el 25 de junio del 2014, se seleccionaron 10 huertas de nogal pecanero del sur del estado de Chihuahua y se tomó una muestra de agua de cada pozo. Los parámetros analizados fueron pH, cloruros, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, As, B, Pb, Cd, Ni, Na, sólidos disueltos totales, nitratos, dureza y alcalinidad, relación de absorción de sodio y conductividad eléctrica (CE). Para uso y consumo humano se consideró la Norma Oficial Mexicana 127, mientras que para riego agrícola se utilizó la Ley Federal de Derechos y Disposiciones Aplicables en Materia de Aguas Nacionales. Se obtuvieron valores dentro de los parámetros establecidos tanto para agua de consumo humano como en agua de riego en el sur del estado de Chihuahua, siendo dicha agua de buena calidad. Sin embargo, se sugiere tener un monitoreo periódico de las concentraciones de Pb, Ni, As, B y CE para evitar afectar a la población humana de comunidades circundantes en la región, así como impactos negativos en la actividad agrícola.

Translated abstract

Abstract Cultivation of pecan nuts is very important for the economic impact in the northern region of Mexico. The application of water in the orchards from agricultural wells with high salt content, promotes their accumulation in the soil, hindering their mobility to tree roots. In order to chemically analyze the composition of water irrigation in the pecan-producing region of southern Chihuahua and contrast it with the current Mexican standards, the following research was conducted. Sampling was carried out in June 25, 2014. Ten orchards in the south of the Chihuahua State were selected and a water sample from each well was taken. The analyzed parameters were pH, chlorides, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, As, B, Pb, Cd, Ni, Na, total dissolved solids, nitrates, hardness, alkalinity, sodium adsorption ratio and electric conductivity (EC). For human use and consumption was considered the Mexican official norm (NOM 127), and for agricultural irrigation the Federal Law of Rights - Provisions Applicable to Matters of National Waters. Values obtained in the south of the Chihuahua State were within the parameters established for both drinking and agricultural irrigation water, thus being this water of good quality. However, it is suggested to have a periodic monitoring of the concentrations of Pb, Ni, As, B and CE to avoid the future possibility of repercussions to the human population of the surrounding communities in the region and of negative impacts on farming activity.

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Most cited references 32

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Impacts of soil and water pollution on food safety and health risks in China.

Yonglong Lu, Yue-Shuai Song, Ruoshi Wang … (2015)

Environmental pollution and food safety are two of the most important issues of our time. Soil and water pollution, in particular, have historically impacted on food safety which represents an important threat to human health. Nowhere has that situation been more complex and challenging than in China, where a combination of pollution and an increasing food safety risk have affected a large part of the population. Water scarcity, pesticide over-application, and chemical pollutants are considered to be the most important factors impacting on food safety in China. Inadequate quantity and quality of surface water resources in China have led to the long-term use of waste-water irrigation to fulfill the water requirements for agricultural production. In some regions this has caused serious agricultural land and food pollution, especially for heavy metals. It is important, therefore, that issues threatening food safety such as combined pesticide residues and heavy metal pollution are addressed to reduce risks to human health. The increasing negative effects on food safety from water and soil pollution have put more people at risk of carcinogenic diseases, potentially contributing to 'cancer villages' which appear to correlate strongly with the main food producing areas. Currently in China, food safety policies are not integrated with soil and water pollution management policies. Here, a comprehensive map of both soil and water pollution threats to food safety in China is presented and integrated policies addressing soil and water pollution for achieving food safety are suggested to provide a holistic approach.