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      The Simcyp Population Based Simulator: Architecture, Implementation, and Quality Assurance

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          Abstract

          Developing a user-friendly platform that can handle a vast number of complex physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) models both for conventional small molecules and larger biologic drugs is a substantial challenge. Over the last decade the Simcyp Population Based Simulator has gained popularity in major pharmaceutical companies (70% of top 40 - in term of R&D spending). Under the Simcyp Consortium guidance, it has evolved from a simple drug-drug interaction tool to a sophisticated and comprehensive Model Based Drug Development (MBDD) platform that covers a broad range of applications spanning from early drug discovery to late drug development. This article provides an update on the latest architectural and implementation developments within the Simulator. Interconnection between peripheral modules, the dynamic model building process and compound and population data handling are all described. The Simcyp Data Management (SDM) system, which contains the system and drug databases, can help with implementing quality standards by seamless integration and tracking of any changes. This also helps with internal approval procedures, validation and auto-testing of the new implemented models and algorithms, an area of high interest to regulatory bodies.

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              A framework for assessing inter-individual variability in pharmacokinetics using virtual human populations and integrating general knowledge of physical chemistry, biology, anatomy, physiology and genetics: A tale of 'bottom-up' vs 'top-down' recognition of covariates.

              An increasing number of failures in clinical stages of drug development have been related to the effects of candidate drugs in a sub-group of patients rather than the 'average' person. Expectation of extreme effects or lack of therapeutic effects in some subgroups following administration of similar doses requires a full understanding of the issue of variability and the importance of identifying covariates that determine the exposure to the drug candidates in each individual. In any drug development program the earlier these covariates are known the better. An important component of the drive to decrease this failure rate in drug development involves attempts to use physiologically-based pharmacokinetics 'bottom-up' modeling and simulation to optimize molecular features with respect to the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination (ADME) processes. The key element of this approach is the separation of information on the system (i.e. human body) from that of the drug (e.g. physicochemical characteristics determining permeability through membranes, partitioning to tissues, binding to plasma proteins or affinities toward certain enzymes and transporter proteins) and the study design (e.g. dose, route and frequency of administration, concomitant drugs and food). In this review, the classical 'top-down' approach in covariate recognition is compared with the 'bottom-up' paradigm. The determinants and sources of inter-individual variability in different stages of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion are discussed in detail. Further, the commonly known tools for simulating ADME properties are introduced.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                m.jamei@simcyp.com
                s.marciniak@simcyp.com
                d.edwards@simcyp.com
                k.wragg@simcyp.com
                k.feng@simcyp.com
                a.barnett@simcyp.com
                amin.rostami@manchester.ac.uk
                Journal
                In Silico Pharmacol
                In Silico Pharmacol
                In Silico Pharmacology
                Springer-Verlag (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                2193-9616
                3 June 2013
                3 June 2013
                2013
                : 1
                : 9
                Affiliations
                [ ]Simcyp Limited (a Certara Company), Blades Enterprise Centre, John Street, Sheffield, S2 4SU UK
                [ ]Centre of Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, the School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
                Article
                9
                10.1186/2193-9616-1-9
                4230310
                25505654
                2ebc72ea-d74e-4bed-99ca-e8e3913edc11
                © Jamei et al.; licensee Springer. 2013

                This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 28 March 2013
                : 16 May 2013
                Categories
                Original Research
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2013

                adme,pharmacokinetics,pharmacodynamics,physiologically-based pharmacokinetic,simcyp,model based drug development

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