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      The shadow of the past: Convergence of young and old South American desert lizards as measured by head shape traits

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          Abstract

          Convergence is a pervasive phenomenon in the Tree of Life, and evolution of similar phenotypes sharing the same environmental conditions is expected in phylogenetically closely related species. In contrast, contingent factors are probably more influential in shaping phenotypic diversity for distantly related taxa. Here, we test putative convergent evolution of lizard head morphologies among relatively closely related desert dwelling Liolaemus species, and the very distantly related Ctenoblepharys adspersa. We estimated a multilocus time‐calibrated phylogeny of 57 species of South American liolaemus lizards, based on seven molecular markers. We collected head shape data for 468 specimens, and used three phylogenetic comparative methods (SURFACE, CONVEVOL, and WHEATSHEAF index) to test for and estimate the strength of convergence. We found strong evidence for convergence among Pacific desert lizard C. adspersa, Liolaemus audivetulatus, Liolaemus insolitus, Liolaemus poconchilensis, Liolaemus stolzmanni, and a candidate species ( Liolaemus “Moquegua”). Our results suggest that, despite the long divergence and phylogenetic distance of C. adspersa with respect to convergent Liolaemus species, natural selection was probably more important than historical contingency in shaping phenotypic evolution in these desert lizards.

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            Convergence, adaptation, and constraint.

            Convergent evolution of similar phenotypic features in similar environmental contexts has long been taken as evidence of adaptation. Nonetheless, recent conceptual and empirical developments in many fields have led to a proliferation of ideas about the relationship between convergence and adaptation. Despite criticism from some systematically minded biologists, I reaffirm that convergence in taxa occupying similar selective environments often is the result of natural selection. However, convergent evolution of a trait in a particular environment can occur for reasons other than selection on that trait in that environment, and species can respond to similar selective pressures by evolving nonconvergent adaptations. For these reasons, studies of convergence should be coupled with other methods-such as direct measurements of selection or investigations of the functional correlates of trait evolution-to test hypotheses of adaptation. The independent acquisition of similar phenotypes by the same genetic or developmental pathway has been suggested as evidence of constraints on adaptation, a view widely repeated as genomic studies have documented phenotypic convergence resulting from change in the same genes, sometimes even by the same mutation. Contrary to some claims, convergence by changes in the same genes is not necessarily evidence of constraint, but rather suggests hypotheses that can test the relative roles of constraint and selection in directing phenotypic evolution. © 2011 The Author(s). Evolution© 2011 The Society for the Study of Evolution.
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              Convergence and parallelism reconsidered: what have we learned about the genetics of adaptation?

              Biologists often distinguish 'convergent' from 'parallel' evolution. This distinction usually assumes that when a given phenotype evolves, the underlying genetic mechanisms are different in distantly related species (convergent) but similar in closely related species (parallel). However, several examples show that the same phenotype might evolve among populations within a species by changes in different genes. Conversely, similar phenotypes might evolve in distantly related species by changes in the same gene. We thus argue that the distinction between 'convergent' and 'parallel' evolution is a false dichotomy, at best representing ends of a continuum. We can simplify our vocabulary; all instances of the independent evolution of a given phenotype can be described with a single term - convergent.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                caguilarp@gmail.com , caguilarp@unmsm.edu.pe
                Journal
                Ecol Evol
                Ecol Evol
                10.1002/(ISSN)2045-7758
                ECE3
                Ecology and Evolution
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                2045-7758
                26 November 2018
                December 2018
                : 8
                : 23 ( doiID: 10.1002/ece3.2018.8.issue-23 )
                : 11399-11409
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Departamento de Herpetología Museo de Historia Natural de San Marcos (MUSM) Lima Perú
                [ 2 ] Instituto Antonio Raimondi, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM) Lima Perú
                [ 3 ] Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales (IPEEC‐CONICET) Puerto Madryn, Chubut Argentina
                [ 4 ] Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales Madrid Spain
                [ 5 ] Department of Biology, M. L. Bean Life Science Museum Brigham Young University (BYU) Provo Utah
                [ 6 ] Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
                [ 7 ] Biodiversity Institute, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology The University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                César Aguilar‐Puntriano, Departamento de Herpetología, Museo de Historia Natural de San Marcos (MUSM), Jesús María, Lima, Perú.

                Emails: caguilarp@ 123456gmail.com ; caguilarp@ 123456unmsm.edu.pe

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6372-7926
                Article
                ECE34548
                10.1002/ece3.4548
                6303702
                30598744
                2ec64b4d-0dbc-4709-9443-3b910fb57d77
                © 2018 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 20 March 2018
                : 31 July 2018
                : 07 August 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 2, Pages: 11, Words: 7254
                Funding
                Funded by: National Science Foundation
                Award ID: DDIG 1501187
                Award ID: EF 1241885
                Funded by: National Geographic Society
                Award ID: W195‐11
                Funded by: BYU Bean Life Science Museum
                Funded by: FONCYT
                Funded by: CONICET‐PIP
                Funded by: Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico, Tecnológico y de Innovación Tecnológica
                Award ID: 116‐2017
                Categories
                Original Research
                Original Research
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                ece34548
                December 2018
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:version=5.5.4 mode:remove_FC converted:22.12.2018

                Evolutionary Biology
                ctenoblepharys adspersa,liolaemus,repeated evolution,south america
                Evolutionary Biology
                ctenoblepharys adspersa, liolaemus, repeated evolution, south america

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