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      Viaje al centro de la mitocondria: importación de proteínas, sus alteraciones y enfermedades relacionadas Translated title: Journey to the center of mitochondria: Protein import, its alterations and related diseases

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          Abstract

          Resumen Las mitocondrias son organelos fascinantes, no solo porque son el sitio en donde se genera la energía de las células, sino por su relevancia en procesos y patologías de interés médico. La gran mayoría de las proteínas que constituyen el proteoma mitocondrial están codificadas en el núcleo y se traducen por ribosomas citosólicos, por lo que deben ser identificadas correctamente para ser distribuidas e insertadas en cada uno de los subcompartimentos mitocondriales. En este artículo realizamos una descripción de las maquinarias de importación mitocondrial, además de las diferentes respuestas celulares que contrarrestan las alteraciones en los procesos de transporte de las proteínas o cuando existe una disfunción mitocondrial. Finalmente, mencionamos las enfermedades causadas por mutaciones en los complejos transportadores y de distribución de las proteínas de este organelo, que se han identificado hasta la fecha.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Mitochondria are exciting organelles not only because they are in charge of the energy production within the cell, but also because of their relevance in processes and pathologies of medical interest. The vast majority of the proteins that constitute the mitochondrial proteome are encoded in the nucleus and translated by cytosolic ribosomes, hence these have to be correctly identified in order to be distributed and inserted in each of the mitochondrial subcompartments. In this review, we describe the mitochondrial import machineries, as well as the different cellular responses to alterations in protein transport processes or when a mitochondrial dysfunction arises. Lastly, we give an overview of the identified pathologies triggered by mitochondrial dysfunction derived from mutations in the components of the import and sorting machineries of the organelle.

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          Most cited references206

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          Mitochondrial membrane potential.

          The mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) generated by proton pumps (Complexes I, III and IV) is an essential component in the process of energy storage during oxidative phosphorylation. Together with the proton gradient (ΔpH), ΔΨm forms the transmembrane potential of hydrogen ions which is harnessed to make ATP. The levels of ΔΨm and ATP in the cell are kept relatively stable although there are limited fluctuations of both these factors that can occur reflecting normal physiological activity. However, sustained changes in both factors may be deleterious. A long-lasting drop or rise of ΔΨm vs normal levels may induce unwanted loss of cell viability and be a cause of various pathologies. Among other factors, ΔΨm plays a key role in mitochondrial homeostasis through selective elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria. It is also a driving force for transport of ions (other than H+) and proteins which are necessary for healthy mitochondrial functioning. We propose additional potential mechanisms for which ΔΨm is essential for maintenance of cellular health and viability and provide recommendations how to accurately measure ΔΨm in a cell and discuss potential sources of artifacts.
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            Mutations in the parkin gene cause autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism.

            Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disease with complex clinical features. Autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism (AR-JP) maps to the long arm of chromosome 6 (6q25.2-q27) and is linked strongly to the markers D6S305 and D6S253; the former is deleted in one Japanese AR-JP patient. By positional cloning within this microdeletion, we have now isolated a complementary DNA done of 2,960 base pairs with a 1,395-base-pair open reading frame, encoding a protein of 465 amino acids with moderate similarity to ubiquitin at the amino terminus and a RING-finger motif at the carboxy terminus. The gene spans more than 500 kilobases and has 12 exons, five of which (exons 3-7) are deleted in the patient. Four other AR-JP patients from three unrelated families have a deletion affecting exon 4 alone. A 4.5-kilobase transcript that is expressed in many human tissues but is abundant in the brain, including the substantia nigra, is shorter in brain tissue from one of the groups of exon-4-deleted patients. Mutations in the newly identified gene appear to be responsible for the pathogenesis of AR-JP, and we have therefore named the protein product 'Parkin'.
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              Efficacy and safety of voretigene neparvovec (AAV2-hRPE65v2) in patients with RPE65 -mediated inherited retinal dystrophy: a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial

              Background Phase 1 studies have shown potential benefit of gene replacement in RPE65 -mediated inherited retinal dystrophy. This phase 3 study assessed the efficacy and safety of voretigene neparvovec in participants whose inherited retinal dystrophy would otherwise progress to complete blindness. Methods In this open-label, randomised, controlled phase 3 trial done at two sites in the USA, individuals aged 3 years or older with, in each eye, best corrected visual acuity of 20/60 or worse, or visual field less than 20 degrees in any meridian, or both, with confirmed genetic diagnosis of biallelic RPE65 mutations, sufficient viable retina, and ability to perform standardised multi-luminance mobility testing (MLMT) within the luminance range evaluated, were eligible. Participants were randomly assigned (2:1) to intervention or control using a permuted block design, stratified by age (<10 years and ≥10 years) and baseline mobility testing passing level (pass at ≥125 lux vs <125 lux). Graders assessing primary outcome were masked to treatment group. Intervention was bilateral, subretinal injection of 1·5×10 11 vector genomes of voretigene neparvovec in 0·3 mL total volume. The primary efficacy endpoint was 1-year change in MLMT performance, measuring functional vision at specified light levels. The intention-to-treat (ITT) and modified ITT populations were included in primary and safety analyses. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00999609, and enrolment is complete. Findings Between Nov 15, 2012, and Nov 21, 2013, 31 individuals were enrolled and randomly assigned to intervention (n=21) or control (n=10). One participant from each group withdrew after consent, before intervention, leaving an mITT population of 20 intervention and nine control participants. At 1 year, mean bilateral MLMT change score was 1·8 (SD 1·1) light levels in the intervention group versus 0·2 (1·0) in the control group (difference of 1·6, 95% CI 0·72–2·41, p=0·0013). 13 (65%) of 20 intervention participants, but no control participants, passed MLMT at the lowest luminance level tested (1 lux), demonstrating maximum possible improvement. No product-related serious adverse events or deleterious immune responses occurred. Two intervention participants, one with a pre-existing complex seizure disorder and another who experienced oral surgery complications, had serious adverse events unrelated to study participation. Most ocular events were mild in severity. Interpretation Voretigene neparvovec gene replacement improved functional vision in RPE65 -mediated inherited retinal dystrophy previously medically untreatable. Funding Spark Therapeutics.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                tip
                TIP. Revista especializada en ciencias químico-biológicas
                TIP
                Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza (Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico )
                1405-888X
                2021
                : 24
                : e370
                Affiliations
                [1] orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Instituto de Fisiología Celular orgdiv2Departamento de Genética Molecular Mexico
                [2] orgnameUniversity of California orgdiv1Departamento de Biología Molecular, Celular y del Desarrollo United States
                Article
                S1405-888X2021000100214 S1405-888X(21)02400000214
                10.22201/fesz.23958723e.2021.370
                2ecd47b8-180e-4cf2-8390-4e9fd7ad9f66

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 02 February 2021
                : 18 October 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 206, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Artículos de revisión

                mitocondriopatías,protein import,presequence,protein translocation,stress,mitochondriopathies,importación,presecuencia,translocación de proteínas,estrés

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