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      Polyamines and abiotic stress in plants: a complex relationship 1

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          Abstract

          The physiological relationship between abiotic stress in plants and polyamines was reported more than 40 years ago. Ever since there has been a debate as to whether increased polyamines protect plants against abiotic stress (e.g., due to their ability to deal with oxidative radicals) or cause damage to them (perhaps due to hydrogen peroxide produced by their catabolism). The observation that cellular polyamines are typically elevated in plants under both short-term as well as long-term abiotic stress conditions is consistent with the possibility of their dual effects, i.e., being protectors from as well as perpetrators of stress damage to the cells. The observed increase in tolerance of plants to abiotic stress when their cellular contents are elevated by either exogenous treatment with polyamines or through genetic engineering with genes encoding polyamine biosynthetic enzymes is indicative of a protective role for them. However, through their catabolic production of hydrogen peroxide and acrolein, both strong oxidizers, they can potentially be the cause of cellular harm during stress. In fact, somewhat enigmatic but strong positive relationship between abiotic stress and foliar polyamines has been proposed as a potential biochemical marker of persistent environmental stress in forest trees in which phenotypic symptoms of stress are not yet visible. Such markers may help forewarn forest managers to undertake amelioration strategies before the appearance of visual symptoms of stress and damage at which stage it is often too late for implementing strategies for stress remediation and reversal of damage. This review provides a comprehensive and critical evaluation of the published literature on interactions between abiotic stress and polyamines in plants, and examines the experimental strategies used to understand the functional significance of this relationship with the aim of improving plant productivity, especially under conditions of abiotic stress.

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          Nitrogen Saturation in Northern Forest Ecosystems

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            Proline biosynthesis and osmoregulation in plants

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              Stressful “memories” of plants: Evidence and possible mechanisms

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Plant Sci
                Front Plant Sci
                Front. Plant Sci.
                Frontiers in Plant Science
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-462X
                05 May 2014
                2014
                : 5
                : 175
                Affiliations
                [1] 1US Forest Service, Northern Research Station Durham, NH, USA
                [2] 2U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Geneva, NY, USA
                [3] 3Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire Durham, NH, USA
                Author notes

                Edited by: Ruben Alcazar, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain

                Reviewed by: Ana Margarida Fortes, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal; Tomonobu Kusano, Tohoku University, Japan

                *Correspondence: Subhash C. Minocha, Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Rudman Hall, 46 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA e-mail: sminocha@ 123456unh.edu

                This article was submitted to Plant Metabolism and Chemodiversity, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science.

                Article
                10.3389/fpls.2014.00175
                4017135
                24847338
                2ee40110-eb49-4a9c-81e7-a43477191f11
                Copyright © 2014 Minocha, Majumdar and Minocha.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 25 February 2014
                : 11 April 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 166, Pages: 17, Words: 14849
                Categories
                Plant Science
                Review Article

                Plant science & Botany
                arginine,biochemical markers,gamma-aminobutyric acid,glutamate,ornithine,proline,reactive oxygen species,stress priming

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